Beyond Eurocentrism? Heritage conservation and the politics of difference

There is a long-standing debate concerning the suitability of European or ‘western’ approaches to the conservation of cultural heritage in other parts of world. The Cultural Charter for Africa (1976), The Burra Charter (1979) and Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) are notable manifestations of such concerns. These debates are particularly vibrant in Asia today. This article highlights a number of charters, declarations and publications that have been conceived to recalibrate the international field of heritage governance in ways that address the perceived inadequacies of documents underpinning today’s global conservation movement, such as the 1964 Venice Charter. But as Venice has come to stand as a metonym for a ‘western’ conservation approach, intriguing questions arise concerning what is driving these assertions of geographic, national or civilisational difference in Asia. To address such questions, the article moves between a number of explanatory frameworks. It argues declarations about Asia’s culture, its landscapes, and its inherited pasts are, in fact, the combined manifestations of post-colonial subjectivities, a desire for prestige on the global stage of cultural heritage governance and the practical challenges of actually doing conservation in the region.     

The Territorial Structural Organization of the Productive Forces of Kazakhstan

The future economic development of Kazakhstan and its problems are discussed in terms of localized, technologically integrated production complexes, such as industrial districts and nodes or agrarian-industrial complexes, which in turn are combined into broader regional complexes. Five such regional complexes are distinguished—North, West, Center, South, East—and the present state of the economy and the problems of future development are discussed.     

我国人民代表大会制度的形成与发展

人民代表大会制度作为我国的根本政治制度,其萌芽、形成、发展,经历了一个较为复杂曲折的过程。人民代表大会制度的发展史可分为四个阶段,即人民代表大会制度正式确立和初步发展时期(1954-1957年)、人民代表大会制度曲折发展时期(1957-1966年)、人民代表大会制度遭受严重破坏时期(1966-1976年)、人民代表大会制度得到恢复和进一步完善时期(1976年至今)。人民代表大会制度是中国共产党人根据中国的实际情况创造性地运用马克思列宁主义关于国家学说的结果,是历史发展的必然结果,是人民的选择。同时,它又与我国民主法制建设密不可分。     

The effect of economic sanctions on the severity of genocides or politicides

This study examines the effect of economic sanctions on the severity of ongoing instances of genocide or politicide. Research suggests that sanctions exacerbate human rights conditions, yet influential policymakers, human rights advocates and some scholars continue to call for economic sanctions to mitigate ongoing atrocities. Ordered logit analyses of genocides and politicides from 1976 to 2008 reveal that sanctions neither aggravate atrocities, as some of the academic literature expects, nor alleviate them, as assumed by many policymakers and advocates (and some researchers). These findings hold regardless of whether they are measured as the number or presence of sanctions, cost, level of comprehensiveness, duration or whether imposed or administered by an international organization. Threats of sanctions also have no effect on atrocity severity, either on their own or combined with other policy options.     

基于弱势群体需求的北京服务设施可达性集成研究

关注人群属性和需求,探讨服务设施供给的社会公平是新时代服务设施研究的重要议题,对于人口总量巨大、社会构成多元、社会空间分异凸显的大城市尤其如此。尽管研究某一弱势群体对单项服务设施需求的文献不断涌现,但是结合居民主观的服务设施需求偏好的可达性集成研究尚不多见。本文以北京作为案例城市,首先采用居民主观调查数据分析四类弱势群体对于公共服务设施的需求结构,然后基于POI数据,借助GIS分析这四类弱势群体服务设施需求偏好下的北京市公共服务设施综合可达性情况,且对综合可达性较差的区域进行了空间识别。本研究综合定性与定量方法,探讨主观与客观数据相匹配的可达性集成方法,可以为今后的相关研究提供借鉴,并能够对北京建设国际一流和谐宜居之都提供理论支撑。     

The Location of Services in the Urban Hierarchy and the Regions of the United States

We use regression and factor analyses to explain intermetropolitan variation in the proportion of jobs in disaggregated service sectors in American metropolitan areas. Central place theory postulates of centrally located establishments serving a surrounding complementary region partially explain the positive relationship between metropolitan size and the proportion of jobs in an area in services. Regional variation in demand following several decades of substantial shifts in population and economic output is an additional influence. Intermetropolitan clustering of service sectors is also occurring. A factor analysis of employment proportions in twenty-two disaggregate service sectors identified five intersectoral service clusters. The factor analysis accounted for substantially more variance than the regression equations. We interpret this result as evidence of the emergence of service-based spatial industrial complexes. We argue that agglomeration of information-intensive intermediate services is driven by an attraction to labor markets endowed with pools of skilled professionals who can flexibly apply their talents in a variety of sectors. Unusual demographic characteristics of some metropolitan areas probably explain clusters of final demand services.     

A park of the people: the demotion of Platt National Park,Oklahoma

Platt National Park, Oklahoma, was the smallest national park in the United States until it was combined with an adjacent, reservoir-centered recreation site in 1976 to form Chickasaw National Recreation Area. Set aside as Sulphur Springs Reservation by agreement with the Chickasaw Indians in 1902 and designated a national park in 1906, Platt is the only American national park to be demoted since World War II. The story of Platt's creation and demotion reflects the changing mission of the National Park Service (NPS), shifting images of nature and recreation among the American public, and broader social forces that frame park purposes. What started as local boosterism of hydrotherapy in cold mineral springs grew into one of America's most visited national parks by the 1920s. Despite its popularity, Platt lacked both scenic grandeur and political influence; it did not fit prevailing images of wild nature among NPS bureaucrats and the urban elite who formed the core of the environmental movement; it was too small, too humanized, and too ordinary. As images of people embedded in nature have gained wider acceptance in recent decades, would this small, geographically distinctive, and culturally rich “park of the people” have met a similar fate today?     

The Integrated Development and Location of the Petrochemical Industry in Industrial Nodes of the Middle Volga Region

The author distinguishes between territorial complexes, typical of old industrial nodes like Kuybyshev and Ufa, where the various processes in the petrochemical production sequence are handled by separate plants, and production complexes, typical of the newer centers, where all the processes are combined under a single combine management.     

Results and Prospects of the use of Mathematical Methods in Economic Geography

A review of the use of mathematical techniques in Soviet geography finds that the new methods are an essential tool in the application of systems theory to geographical problems. Mathematical techniques are held to have the greatest promise in the investigation of space (topology), the study of large systems (set theory, general systems theory) and research on complex relationships between phenomena with a certain randomness (linear algebra, polylinear algebra, probability theory). The use of mathematical techniques should be combined with traditional methods in geography, and instead of replacing the traditional geographical methodology, mathematics may be expected to strengthen that methodology. A real need is seen for a set of basic axioms in geography, and mathematics is expected to play a significant role in this connection. Mathematical models have proved useful in the investigation of particular spatial structures, such as population density within cities and the location of service establishments. But problems have been encountered in the modeling of territorial production systems.     

Review article

Donald Home, Death of The Lucky Country, Ringwood, Penguin, 1976, 115 pp.

Paul Kelly, The Unmaking of Gough, Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1976, 361 pp.

Clem Lloyd and Andrew Clark, Kerr's King Hit, Stanmore, Cassell, 1976, 270 pp.

Laurie Oakes, Crash through or Crash, Richmond, Drummond, 1976, 295 pp.

Patrick Tennison, The Lucky Country Reborn, Melbourne, Hill of Content, 1976, 117 pp.

“Australian Politics—A New Ball Game?”, Politics, XI, No. 1 (May 1976), pp. 1–68, and published separately as a monograph.     

Midlatitude seasonal behaviour of tides near the mesopause level

Wind measurements near the mesopause level were provided in Badary (Eastern Siberia, U.S.S.R.) by the Dl method using a low-frequency (200kHz) radio transmitter during 1976–1986. The seasonal variations of the wind are analyzed and compared with other midlatitude wind measurements as well as some theoretical predictions. It is shown that tidal parameters depend not only on latitude but on the longitude as well.     

Quebec–US Relations: The Big Picture

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to propose a periodization of the international policy between Quebec and the United States focusing on two levels of analysis: The first level is interested in public policy instruments such as the opening of delegations, while the second focuses on the paradigm of state action. From these two main criteria, I propose an analysis of five periods. The first period (1867–1960) is characterized by the absence of a structured paradigm and the virtual absence of diplomatic instruments with the exception of a tourism and trade office in New York. The second period (1960–1976) reflects a desire by Quebec to develop a larger presence in the United States with the creation of many instruments, as the public policy paradigm is gradually being built. The third period (1976–1980) is characterized by Quebec sovereignists’ awareness of the importance of the United States. This period is noted for a significant paradigm shift. The fourth period (1980–2001) is marked by the turn toward free trade. The last period (2001 to present) is characterized by the importance of new challenges that extend the public policy paradigm to issues such as security in the 9/11 environment, as well as to energy and environmental issues.     

Book reviews

Reappraisals in British Imperial History by Ronald Hyam and Ged Martin. Cambridge Commonwealth Series, London: Macmillan, 1975. Pp. x + 234. £10.00.

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 by James W. St. G. Walker. Dalhousie African Studies Series. London: Longman and Dalhousie University Press, 1976. Pp. xvi+438. £8.75. Paper £3.50. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1976. $24.00. Paper $10.00.

The Loyal Blacks by Ellen Gibson Wilson. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976. Pp. xi+463. $7.95.

Bibliography of British History 1789–1851 edited by Lucy M. Brown and Ian R. Christie. Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1977. Pp.xxxi+759. £20.

New South Wales—Autocracy to Parliament 1824–1856. Published by the Legislative Council of the Parliament of New South Wales, Parliament House, Sydney, 1976. Pp. vii + 137. Loose‐leaf edition limited to 300 copies.

Office‐Holders in Modern Britain. Volume VI, Colonial Office Officials compiled by J. C. Sainty. London: University of London, Institute of Historical Research. 1976. x + 52 pp. £4.00.

Indian Society and the Beginnings of Modernisation c. 1830–1850 edited by C. H. Philips and Mary Doreen Wainwright. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1976. Pp. vi+243. £2.50.

Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India by Blair B. Kling. University of California Press, 1976. Pp. xii+276. £15.60.

Buddhism in Sinhalese Society 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change by Kitsiri Malalgoda. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1976. Pp. xiii+300. £13.20

Facets of Modern Ceylon History through the Letters of Jeronis Pieris by Michael Roberts. Colombo: Hansa Publishers Limited, 1975. Pp. 108, map, photographs, appendices. (No price is listed ; Distributors, H. W. Cave and Co. Ltd., P. O. Box 25, Colombo, Sri Lanka).

Southeast Asia: A History by Lea E. Williams. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. xii+299. £7.50.

A History of Malaysia and Singapore by N. J. Ryan. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. xiv+322. £16.00.

Comparative History of Civilizations in Asia by Edward L. Farmer et al. Reading (Mass.): Addison‐Wesley Publishing Co., 1977. 2 Vols. Pp. xxx+797. £11.20 each.

Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of East Africa by Donald Simpson. London: Paul Elek, 1976. Pp. xi+228. £7.50.

Europäische Kolonialherrschaft 1880–1940 by Rudolf von Albertini, in association with Albert Wirz. Zurich and Freiburg im Breisgau: Atlantis Verlag, 1976. Pp. 528, 20 maps. DM. 54 (hardback), DM. 45 (paperback).

Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil 1900–1920 by Marian Kent, London: Macmillan, 1976. Pp. xiii+273. £10.

On Revolt: Strategies of National Liberation by J. Bowyer Bell. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard U.P., 1976. Pp. xv+272. £11.25.

The Erosion of a Relationship: India and Britain since 1960 by Michael Lipton and John Firn. Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs: London, 1976. Pp. xvi+427. £13.00.     

Combined Innovation Policy: Linking Scientific and Practical Knowledge in Innovation Systems

New research indicates that firms combining the science-based STI (Science, Technology, Innovation) and the experience-based DUI (Doing, Using, Interacting) modes of innovation are more efficient when it comes to improving innovation capacity and competitiveness. With regard to innovation policy, the STI mode calls for a supply-driven policy, typically aimed to commercialize research results. The DUI mode suggests a demand-driven policy approach, such as supporting the development of new products or services to specific markets. This article analyses how the two types of innovation policies and the two innovation modes can be combined in regional innovation systems (RISs). The analysis builds on studies of the food industry and related knowledge organizations in two counties, Rogaland County (Norway) and Skåne County (Sweden), and two policy initiatives (NCE Culinology and Skåne Food Innovation Network) aimed at strengthening the innovative capability of the RISs. The analysis indicates that policies aimed to link science- and user-driven innovation activity should focus on building absorptive capacity of DUI firms (e.g. through increased scientific competence) and implementation capacity of STI firms (e.g. through increased market and process competence).     

Soldiers of Misfortune: the Angolan Civil War,The British Mercenary Intervention,and UK Policy towards Southern Africa, 1975–6

This article examines the controversial involvement of British mercenaries in the early phases of the Angolan civil war (1975–6), and analyses the effect of their intervention on UK domestic politics and foreign affairs. It concludes that the mercenaries involved - who fought with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) in January 1976 - were recruited largely as a result of private initiative, and that the available evidence suggests that the British government was not officially complicit in their enlistment. This article also shows that the mercenary intervention not only sharpened party-political differences between the Conservative and Labour parties over East–West relations, but also contributed to domestic fears of right-wing paramilitary activity within Britain itself.     

The Effectiveness of Integrated Development of Productive Forces in the New Pioneering Areas of Western Siberia

Coordinated development of industries in Western Siberia is advocated as a way of raising the effectiveness of capital investment in this new pioneering region. Significant savings in investment and operating costs are envisaged through the development of territorial-production complexes and industrial nodes with interrelated industrial enterprises and common service industries, such as water supply, utilities and transportation. Cost-benefit calculations by the Council for Study of Productive Forces, the Soviet Government's preplanning research agency, suggest that the integrated approach to regional development would yield investment savings of up to 20 percent or more compared with the construction of isolated industrial establishments.     

Resources in view

Computer and Statistical Techniques for Planners

R.S.Baxter (1976) London: Methuen, 336 pp

Computer Programming for Spatial Problems

E.B.MacDougall (1976) London: Edward Arnold, 160 pp

Computers in Geography

P.M.Mather (1976) Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 125 pp

Computing for Geographers

J.A.Dawson &; D.Unwin (1976) Newton Abbot: David &; Charles, 362 pp

Situations in Human Geography: A Practical Approach

J.P.Cole (1975) Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 238 pp     

Platinum Complexes for the Treatment of Cancer

Abstract

Some platinum coordination complexes are active anticancer drugs in animal and man. This new class of chemotherapeutics was discovered during the course of investigation of the electric field effect on bacterial growth. The platinum electrodes electrolyzed during the experiment, releasing a platinum complex which caused complete cessation of cell division in the bacterial rods. With this filamentation assay system, we were able to identify the specific chemical as cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), a complex known since 1848. The bacterial studies with many such complexes suggested to us the generalizations that charged platinum complexes were bacteriocidal, while the neutral platinum complexes induced filamentation and, in lysogenic bacteria, lysis. The neutral complexes have ignificant activity against transplantable, virally induced, and chemically induced cancers in animals. They are synergistic with almost every other anticancer drug in current use. In man kidney toxicity is the dose limiting side effect but this is now completely ameliorated by simply hydrating the patient. The drug in combination therapy, has proven to be 'potentially curable' for all form of testicular cancer. Other cancers where the drug activity has begun to approach this are head and neck cancer, and ovarian cancer. Activity against the other major cancers is now being studied. The mechanism of action at a molecular level appear to depend upon a primary lesion formed on the cellular DNA by the platinum complex. This serendipitous discovery has led to a new class of anticancer agents, metal coordination complexes, which may prove to be of significant value.     

Transportation and the Formation of Economic Regions

The author outlines a methodology for determining an optimal location pattern of production and transportation in the USSR that would entail minimum combined production and transport costs of each product. Verification of this scheme at the Institute suggests that it can be used in planning practice if existing sovnarkhozes [industrial-management councils] are regarded as territorial production complexes.     

Early Devonian Pacificocoelia sinica (Brachiopoda) from Northeastern Inner Mongolia

Leptocoeliid brachiopods from the Early Devonian Baruntehua Formation of Dong Ujimqin Qi, northeastern Inner Mongolia were assigned to Leptocoelia by Su (1976) and Zhang(1983), and subsequently to Pacificocoelia by Hou & Boucot (1990). Transverse serial sections of Pacificocoelia sinica are illustrated hère, for the first time, based on topotype specimens. The known geographic range o Pacificocoelia is from northern China, North America, South America and Kazakhstan (Eastern Americas Realm and also occurs in east-central Asia). Atlanticocoelia is regarded hère as a junior synonym of Pacificocoelia.