Geosystems and Geostructures

An attempt is made to distinguish geosystems and geostructures as the two basic objects of study in geography. Geosystems and geostructures are interdependent but different spatial formations. Geosystems are defined by direct, reverse, and transformed relationships among such relatively autonomous components as natural environment, population, and economy. Geosystems tend to be superimposed on one another and are relatively flexible and stochastic. Geostructures, on the other hand, are distinguished by a unity of heterogeneous components, by comparatively clearly defined boundaries, and by considerable rigidity of construction. (One of the authors, A. M. Smirnov, died in July, 1969.)     

《管子·侈靡篇》的结构与主题

《管子·侈靡篇》是中国古代思想史上一篇很有特色的文章.多数学者认为它只是若干段落零星文字的结集,而不是一篇完整的论文,但主要讨论的是经济问题.实际上,《管子·侈靡篇》首尾呼应,中间各层亦有转承关系,论证逐层深入,是一篇结构谨严的专题论文.它的主要思想不是以奢侈消费促进生产,而是通过等级消费来控制臣民.所以其主题与其说是经济问题,不如说是君臣关系问题.     

马一浮“六艺论”之逻辑结构探析

"一代儒宗"马一浮先生的主要学术贡献在于创立了以"六艺论"为主体的新儒学理论体系,在这个"六艺论"的学术思想体系之中,《论语》、《孝经》犹如两大柱石,占有基础性地位;《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《乐》《春秋》则成为"六艺之教"学理体系得以发挥阐释的主要内涵。马一浮的新经学的方法论意义在于提倡六艺之学两两涵摄、相互融通、总别不二、圆融无碍,从而在当代新儒学思潮建构之中开创了一种特色鲜明的经典诠释学新范式。     

《被偷换的孩子》的人物与主题

日本作家大江健三郎的近作《被偷换的孩子》,是一部因自杀的友人而完成、揭示日本现行社会精神危机的作品。忧心忡忡的大江健三郎通过changeling这个形象警示人们,在这个世界上越来越多的人内心里美好的东西正在被戈布林们盗走,有形无形的暴力正威胁着现今的世界和平与文明模式。     

Rethinking the History and Theory of Jus Publicum Universal: The Formation of China as a "Semi-Civilized" Legal Subject

Much of the existing scholarship on the universalization of nineteenth-century international law has framed it in terms of the imperial West's domination of non-Western societies.This article complicates and qualifies this conventional state-centric narrative by investigating the juridical,capitalist production of China as a "semi-civilized" international legal subject.It examines the foundational modem Sino-British/Westem commercial and extraterritorial treaties,as well as the treatises of a new professional class of British international lawyers-James Lorimer (1818-90),John Westlake (1828-1913),William Edward Hall (1835-94),T.E.Holland (1835-1926),Thomas Lawrence (1849-1920),and Lassa Oppenheim (1849-1920).The juridical production of China as a "semi-civilized" legal subject throws into relief the dual capitalist nature and significance of the universalization of nineteenth-century international law.On the one hand,this "civilized" legal discourse underwrote a novel liberal conception of a universal international law (jus publicum universal) within which China was formally included as a quasi-legal subject.On the other hand,it also underwrote a particularistic,Euro-centric international law,which excluded China from its global domain and denied it basic sovereign fights.In this way also,"civilized" international law justified both formal equality in Europeannon-European treaty relations,as well as the real substantive inequality of these international exchanges of rights and obligations.Building on the critical theoretical work of Evgeny Pashukanis (1891-1937),this article argues that a non-orthodox Marxist social theory of legal forms is best suited to explain the abstract,liberal universalism of nineteenth-century "civilized" international law and the contradictory forms of legal and jurisprudential discourse it made available and rendered normatively meaningful to international law practitioners.Through this Marxist theory,moreover,I shall relate said contradictory discourse to modern commodity exchange practices.     

国际权势格局的当今变动与相关的理论、历史和现实思考

主要出于几方面的基本原因,“ 9·11”事件以来美国的权势有了最新的更进一步增长,其霸权性优势的支配或严重影响范围出现了新的跃进式扩展,无论就地理范围还是就问题领域来说都是如此。这一事态以差不多空前的尖锐程度,提出了一个头等重要的问题,那就是在可以明确预见的一个未来时期里,能否在世界政治总体及其各主要局部上真正成功地制衡美国的过大优势和强权政治?历史实例考察和理论分析都提示,答案是否定的。在此情况下,中国不要“当头”,不要冒失,而需要认真考虑、试验、采纳和优化总体制衡以外的大战略选择。与此同时,中国必须发展改革,加强国力,后一方面特别包括下决心全面和大幅度地改善和建设军事力量。我们在这两方面需要做的一切,除了其他根本性的目的以外,是为了准备迎接在较长远的未来必定会到来的总体制衡的大历史时机。     

史学理论结构的非平衡发展--西方和古代中国的比较

20世纪以前,中国古代与西方各有自己独立发展的史学理论。但由于历史环境的差异,双方史学理论结构的发展呈现明显的非平衡性。即在共时性结构上,西方史学理论独立自主地形成了完整的内容体系,中国古代史学理论侧重本体论与方法论而忽视认识论。在历时性结构上,随着近现代科学的发展,西方史学理论的研究重心经历了从本体论向认识论、方法论的转移,并极大地推动了历史研究的发展;而由于近代科学的缺位,中国没有经历上述变化,从而在很大程度上制约了历史学近代化(职业化和科学化)的进程。现当代西方史学研究的实践证明,中观史学理论是历史学发展的重要推动力。     

The Subject of Geography and the Science of the Man-Nature Relationship

A philosopher views the geographical environment as a natural-social concept, in which individual elements function simultaneously in a system of natural and social relationships. The geographical environment should be the province of a discipline called general geography, which would exist in addition to specialized physical and social geography. However, since general geography is limited spatially to the earth's landscape sphere, it cannot deal with the broader aspects of the man-nature relationship now that man's influence extends increasingly beyond the earth into outer space. A new discipline called “noology” is proposed to deal with the interplay between human society and all of nature.     

北朝隋代维摩诘经图像的表现形式与表述思想分析

在北朝隋代佛教物质文化空前繁荣的背景下,维摩诘经图像获得巨大发展并呈现一体化态势。本文基于学界披露资料和实地调查资料,采用考古类型学与美术史图像学结合的方法,分析了维摩诘经图像的表现形式与表述思想相互关联的两个基本问题。首先,作者兼顾维摩诘经图像的配置和意图,类分为佛说维摩诘经表现、维摩文殊主体性表现、装饰性表现和特殊表现四种形式,用以说明该图像的时空发展脉络。其后,作者关注了维摩诘经图像各种表现与其他图像的组合关系,划分为与释迦佛关联图像、与法华经关联图像、与净土信仰图像、与两种布施本生图像四种组合,以期揭示其图像表述思想的演化状况。本文总体认为,由宣扬大乘、强调菩萨行到表述净土思想,形成北朝隋代维摩诘经图像发展的主旋律。     

Gender Awareness in Migration Theory: Synthesizing Actor and Structure in Southern Africa

Recent developments in migration theory mirror two concerns writ large across the development literature, namely the attempt to reconcile structure and agency and the importance of gender. Using the specific context of southern Africa, this article analyses the development of migration theory over the last forty years and the dialectic between gender and the structure-agency dyad. It is argued that gender is an essential tool for unpicking the migration process and that a gender perspective has enriched and been enriched by a model of migration allowing analytical space for both the agency of migrants and the structures which surround them. Juxtaposing the various theories which have been brought to bear on migration in southern Africa also reveals the extent to which new models and classificatory systems have developed on the basis of agendas set by preceding conceptual frameworks, distinctions between competing models rarely being as clear-cut as the mode of scholarship would have them appear.     

埃及学:一门近代新兴学科的诞生

埃及学是近代诞生的一门新兴学科,是研究古代埃及的语言、文字、历史、文学、艺术、宗教、建筑和科学技术的一门综合性学科。埃及学的诞生。带来了持续百年之久的考古发掘热潮;埃及象形文字的成功释读。极大地丰富了人们对古代埃及这一人类文明宝库的认识。     

比较史学的理论方法和实践

19世纪后半叶以来形成的比较史学流派至今仍方兴未艾。我国学术界在 2 0世纪 80年代曾掀起比较文化研究的热潮 ,这种 (中西 )文化的比较研究是我国历史学界把我国现代化进程与世界上其他国家现代化历史相联系而产生的。无论是现代化的比较研究还是文化的比较研究 ,两者都属于世     

经济全球化与党的建设面临的新课题

经济全球化趋势正日益深刻地影响着世界和中国的发展.如何适应这一历史性变革,对于处在执政地位的中国共产党的建设提出了严峻的挑战,这不仅是关系到执政党应变能力和领导权威的大问题,而且是关系到党和国家前途命运的大问题.     

公共危机治理主体的多元化及结构分析

政府失败理论、治理理论、利益相关者理论和协同理论为公共危机治理主体多元化提供了强有力的理论支撑。在多元主体结构中,政府是公共危机治理的主导力量,也是核心主体;民间组织是公共危机治理的重要力量,也是联系政府与公民的纽带;企业和公民是公共危机治理的基础;媒体是公共危机治理的重要媒介,也是政府与其他主体合作互助信息平台的主要搭建者。     

马克思恩格斯农奴制理论的再认识

本文从农奴制生产方式不仅存在于封建社会、欧洲农奴制的起源、特点、解体和东欧的“二次农奴制”等五个方面对马克思和恩格斯的论述加以综合和分析.     

旅游道德论

旅游活动是旅游者为获得精神愉悦、享受生活、追求经历等特定的利益诉求而引发的穿越他人生活空间的过程;发展旅游业则是为获得经济收益、促进地区进步等特定的利益诉求而开展的经济活动。利益的驱使而引发了旅游者、社区居民、政府、企业、社会公众和非政府组织等具有能动作用的旅游相关者相互之间错综复杂的互动关系,这种关系的本质实际是利益与道德（或责任）的博弈问题。从旅游业可持续发展的角度出发,应建立基于利益均衡原则的旅游立德机制,以保障各个旅游相关者的利益诉求都得到公平的对待。     

原工业化理论及其相关争论

自1970年代以来,“原工业化”这个术语在西方已广泛使用于学术作中,而且在学术界出现了有关这个论题的研究热潮,出版了多种研究成果。在国内,却仅有较少论中偶尔提及而没有较系统的论述和深入的探讨。本试就原工业化的理论,西方学术界对这一问题的争论及研究原工业化的意义诸问题,作一粗略的论述,供同行参考并求指教。