人地关系观、规划观的历史轨迹初探——兼论城市规划观的未来趋向

本文探讨了人地关系观及规划观的历史演变,结合后现代主义思潮,对城市规划今后发展方向提出一系列建议。     

秦岭北麓环山带的生态保护与经济发展模式选择

秦岭北麓环山带地区如何在经济发展过程中兼顾生态环境保护是一个重大课题。解决这一问题的根本出路在于:调整现有的不利于生态保护的经济结构,即限制传统农业,代之以特色农业和其它绿色产业,如观光农业、林业、果业、畜牧业及特色养殖种植业和特色手工业、农林产品加工业、园艺绿化业等;限制和改造工业、矿业及采石业,使第二、三产业由环境危害型向环境友好型转化;大力推广循环经济发展模式,在当地构架以绿色产业为主要内容,各产业在资源上依次或循环利用,产业相互补充、配套的生态经济模式。     

城市游憩商业区(RBD)布局研究

随着社会的进步和经济的发展,游憩一词对人们而言已不再陌生。学者们对游憩的研究也日趋深入。同时,随着都市旅游的兴起以及城市居民生活质量的提高,城市RBD的建设也成为一个热门的话题。本文从介绍RBD的相关概念着手,阐述了对游憩、城市游憩以及城市游憩商业区的理解。并通过城市RBD的空间表现形式、城市RBD的空间布局模式、城市RBD的空间分布规律等三个方面来剖析城市游憩商业区的空间布局特征。在此基础上,通过对RBD的布局现状的分析,试图构建一个城市RBD发展适宜度的评价指标体系,并给出了城市RBD发展适宜度的评价模型。     

THE END OF AMERICA: THE BEGINNING OF CANADA -A REPLY TO THE RESPONSE

The author of the foregoing response provides some welcome factual clarification but seems to misunderstand the broader issues raised by the article. Here I will respond briefly to each of the author's major questions.     

试论环渤海物流网络的形成与运作

在简述物流发展背景与研究现状的基础上,作者界定了物流网络的概念与研究地域的范围,并且分析了环渤海物流网络的构成。同时作者仔细探讨了环渤海物流网络的形成机制和运作模式,通过分析,作者认为网络轮廓-海陆地域形状、网络节点-城市、网络联线-运输通道、网络能量-区域经济和运作主体-物流企业等五个要素共同作用而形成了物流网络,其运作由运作模块、驱动模块和调控模块组成。最后作者提出了相应的发展对策。     

MEASURING THE SHAPE OF GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENA: A HISTORY OF THE ISSUE

A history of the development of shape indices, going back to some of the earliest formulas proposed by German scholars in the 19th century, groups the various measures in terms of the initial set of data used in their derivation. The author does not approve of indices derived from the perimeter and area of a figure (such as Chorley's lemniscate), linear dimensions and area (Gibbs, Haggett), inscribing and circumscribing circles (Penck, Krumbein), tangential contours and from radial vectors (Boyce and Clark). The author sees greater promise in approaches using the distance from elements of the figure to the perimeter, Bunge's inscribed polygons, and the distance from elements of the figure to the center (Thünen, Blair and Biss). Further work on shape indices is urged with a view to deriving measures that would reflect not only compactness, but also the degree of dissection and contour indentation. The problem is assuming greater significance in light of advances made in picture recognition and processing by computer.     

THE GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS FOR DIFFERENTIATING THE SIZE OF FARMS

On the theory that optimization of farm size may enhance agricultural productivity, the author uses a game—theoretic model to find a solution for optimal farm size among the collective farms of Irkutsk Oblast. A game matrix, in which the players are the environment, using the strategies of a series of physical zones of agricultural production, and society, using the strategies of alternative farm sizes, yields a combination of farm sizes that would enhance total farm production in Irkutsk Oblast by 5 percent. The author notes that even greater improvements might be achieved in bringing types of farming more into line with physical and economic conditions of particular regions.     

PECULIARITIES IN THE FORMATION OF POPULATED PLACES ON THE SEABOARD OF THE USSR

A number of investigators have noted a movement of Soviet population toward the seacoasts, contrasting with the nation's traditional inland development. The pull of the coast has been linked to the increasing foreign trade of the USSR and to greater involvement in ocean affairs in general. The author analyzes the recent growth of maritime urban places in terms of the nation's major maritime regions: Azov-Black Sea, Baltic, Caspian, Pacific and Arctic, compares the rates of urban population growth and discusses some of the factors that account for differences in regional development.     

THE DRYING OUT OF THE ARAL SEA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The author examines the problem of the present state of the environment in the desert irrigation districts of southern Kazakhstan and Central Asia. A drop of the level of the Aral Sea and the formation of new land on the exposed seabed, the desiccation and desertification of the Amudarya and Syrdarya deltas caused by an intensification of agriculture have been proceeding against the background of a series of dry years. Irreversible environmental changes are having a negative impact on the socioeconomic conditions of the Aral region. The author, basing himself on the results of scientific investigations related to the Aral Sea problem, proposes a number of measures designed to moderate this negative impact.     

旅游产品特点、消费技术与景区解说系统

在旅游产业发展进程中旅游景区的重要性和竞争压力越来越大。本文在这样一种宏观背景下,分析了传统的旅游产品的定义,指出了其逻辑上的问题,从新角度研究了旅游产品的特点,指出应该从旅游者与旅游企业之间的交易、旅游者自身的生产消费这两个角度来理解,提出了旅游经历与旅游体验之间的差异;从旅游者生产消费形成自身私有产品的角度分析,指出应该重视旅游过程中的消费技术问题,而且由于这种消费技术的可移植性和旅游消费的时空规定性,要以高于重视工业产品的消费问题的态度对待旅游消费技术的问题,从而论证了景区解说系统对于旅游景区及旅游目的地发展的重要作用,尤其是对于我国这样一个具有悠久深厚历史文化的观光国家而言,意义尤为重大。     

后现代社会下的旅游新趋势

本文强调了后现代旅游研究的必要性。通过对国内外近年来相关文献的系统回顾,作者指出了后现代旅游的发展新趋势。本文分析了后现代主义的内涵,对现代主义与后现代主义的社会文化特征进行了比较,并总结了后现代旅游的特征和影响其发展的主要理论及内容。作者指出后现代社会下新的社会结构、阶级状况、文化背景以及社会需求给旅游地、旅游时间、游客带来了新的变化:旅游地的无差异化、游客体验的主观主导性、旅游时间的外延不断扩展、以及新的游客类型的划分。这些都为旅游的发展带来新的思考和启示。     

风景区旅游业发展模式的探讨——兼论旅游城镇的布局与发展

基于"旅游业的发展过程在一定意义上可以说是旅游业与区域经济联系不断增强的过程"这一认识,作者提出了风景区旅游业的发展模式,认为风景区发展呈现出明显的阶段性特征,其中包括资源导向型阶段、生产导向型阶段和信息导向型阶段。在此过程中,旅游业由风景区到城镇到区域,资源的开发由单项到多项到综合,区域经济文化的发展由点到面,是一动态的发展过程。
作者认为,旅游城镇的布局与发展,必须谋求空间节约与风景生态环境保护的统一,在风景区旅游业发展的不同阶段,旅游城镇的发展也呈现出不同的特征。     

县域城镇土地定级方法论特征浅析

本文结合重庆市合川县城镇土地定级工作试点实践,阐明了县域城镇土地定级工作的特殊性,提出了统一评定县域城镇土地级别的技术路线是:开展城镇体系层次分析,建立两类定级标志,通过合成计分,实现聚类定级。     

关于燕下都故城宫殿建筑几个问题的探索与研究

<正> 燕下都故城位于今河北省易县东南的北易水和中易水之间。它北、西和西南山峦环抱,东南面向华北大平原,正处于从上都——蓟(今北京市)到赵、齐等国的咽喉地带,是战国时期著名的陪都之一。 战国时期,随着燕国社会经济的发展和军事力量的增长,为了争雄中原,燕国的统治者就逐渐加强了对其南部城邑——武阳城的营建。到战国中期前后,武阳城已发展成为燕国南方的政治、经济、军事和文化中心,成为战国时期燕国的重要陪都之一,并直接称之为“燕下都”。 这种陪都制度,是有其渊源流长的历史进程的。并不为燕国所独有。周在灭商以前,就有丰、镐二京。《诗·大雅·文王有声》云:“既伐于崇,作邑于丰”,意即文王伐崇侯虎后,从岐下徙都于丰。“考卜维王,宅是镐京”,意即武王虽迁都于镐,而丰仍然是全国的政治、     

THE ZHELEZNOGORSK MINING NODE AS PART OF THE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF THE KURSK MAGNETIC ANOMALY

The structural-spatial characteristics of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the iron-mining district of Central Russia, are discussed in terms of stages of development, environmental impacts and the technological cycles (energy and production cycles) making up the industrial complex. The structure and problems of development of the Zheleznogorsk industrial node, one of the mining centers, are analyzed in particular detail. (Previous articles by the author on the KMA mining industry appeared in Soviet Geography, April 1975, December 1976, May 1979, and other contributions are included in the present issue.)     

THE IMPACT OF THE WATER ROUTES OF NOVGOROD AND NORTHEASTERN RUS' ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE TRANSVOLGA IN THE 12TH-14TH CENTURIES

On the basis of early chronicles, statutes, and maps, as well as toponyms, the author retraces the river routes and portages used by Novgorodian and Rostov-Suzdalian tribute collectors, traders, and soldiers travelling from the upper reaches of the Volga to the White Sea slope in the 12th-14th centuries. He also indirectly assesses the negative and positive impact of these waterways on the physical environment on the basis of artifacts and logic. (The translation was prepared by James R. Gibson of York University, Toronto).     

苏北沿运河地区绿色产业发展战略研究

本文在绿色产业成为全球产业发展热点的背景下,提出在江苏省北部沿运河地区适宜重点发展绿色产业。首先分析了苏北沿运河地区发展绿色产业的支撑条件,进而提出了苏北沿运河地区绿色产业发展战略,确定了绿色产业发展方向、发展模式和发展重点。发展战略中重点分析绿色产业选择方法和提出绿色产业发展的空间组织模式、产业循环模式和经营管理模式,并指出沿运河地区绿色产业发展的重点,这对明确绿色产业发展方向,形成苏北沿运河地区特色的绿色产业品牌,培育区域发展优势,打造苏北沿运河地区绿色产业发展新形象有着重要的意义。     

ON THE QUESTION OF THE COMPOSITION OF ECONOMIC TERRITORIAL COMPLEXES

A variety of definitions of “territorial production complex” is analyzed in terms of the factors that enter into this concept of an integrated areal production unit of the Soviet economy. The author favors a definition that would encompass the interplay of all human activities within a given territory, from a major economic region to an individual place. The theory of cycles, developed by N. N. Kolosovskiy as an analytical tool for the study of regional economies, is criticized on the ground that it considers only the technological feasibility of combining a set of related industries into a so-called cycle, but ignores the issue of economic efficiency. The proposition is illustrated by comparing the location of a water-intensive and fuel-intensive chemical complex in Belorussia and Eastern Siberia. The technological basis for such a complex is present in both regions, but the economics favors an East Siberian location.     

中国旅游业地域不平衡分析

由于多种因素:中国自然地理条件、社会历史文化、经济状况等的区域差异,使我国旅游业表现出地域差异。因此本文根据三大地区的划分,着重比较了各地区的供给与需求的差异,并分析了其差异性的根源。在旅游供给的地域不平衡部分,对旅游供给的四个部分:旅游资源及其开发阶段与趋势、旅游设施、旅游服务、旅游基础设施进行分析。在需求的地域不平衡部分,对国内旅游、海外旅游、出境旅游逐个进行了分析。最后提出了我国区域旅游业发展的策略。     

NEGATIVE FACTORS IN THE USE OF THE BIOCLIMATIC RESOURCES OF THE APSHERON PENINSULA

The author raise several significant problems involved in plans to establish resort functions on the Apsheron Peninsula, which together with its major metropolitan areas (Baku and Sumgait), serves as a center for oil refining and petrochemical production based on significant offshore oil drilling in the Caspian Sea. Among these problems are the fact that part of the area of greatest resort/recreational potential (northern coast) is also the area of highest SC₂ concentrations (reflecting chemical production in Sumgait), and that another promising location (southern coast) exhibits high levels of NO₂ (largely attributed to automobile traffic and power generation in Baku) (translated by Andrew R. Bond).