The Food Resources of the Capitalist World

The author discusses a major research program now under way at the Institute of Geography, covering food production and consumption in the developed industrial nations and in the newly independent countries. Under investigation are ways of expanding food resources in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; overcoming the food deficit and reliance on food imports of African countries; and creating a diversified agriculture combining both export crops to finance economic development and food output for domestic consumption.     

发达国家的农业现代化对我国农业发展的启示

本文系统地分析了发达国家农业现代化的特点,从发达国家农业现代化与我国农业生产现状的结合点上,探讨了今后我国农业发展的途径与策略。     

我国绿色农业布局问题研究

绿色农业是一种新的农业生产方式。本文探讨了绿色农业的基本含义,分析了我国绿色农业发展、布局中存在的优势和问题,认为绿色农业将成为我国农业的主导产业部门,其结构是以绿色粮食生产为基础,以绿色经济作物和绿色畜牧业为主体,并包括绿色林特产品采集和绿色养殖业在内的综合农业。全国范围内可划分为九个绿色农业区。按照比较优势、市场导向、因地制宜和地域相对集中等原则,要重点建设14个绿色农业类型,并进一步研究了我国绿色农业合理布局的对策     

Economic statecraft in China's new overseas special economic zones: soft power,business or resource security?

China's rapidly growing economic engagement with other developing countries has aroused intense debates, but these debates have often generated more heat than light. The Chinese government is clearly pushing its companies to move offshore in greater numbers, and state‐owned firms figure prominently in many of the major investments abroad. Yet relatively little research exists on when, how and why the Chinese government intervenes in the overseas economic activities of its firms. China's state‐sponsored economic diplomacy in other developing countries could play three major strategic roles: strengthening resource security, enhancing political relationships and soft power, and boosting commercial opportunities for national firms. This article examines China's programme to establish overseas special economic zones as one tool of Beijing's economic statecraft. It traces the process by which they were established and implemented, and investigates the characteristics of the 19 zones initially selected in a competitive tender process. The article concludes that even in countries rich in natural resources, the overseas zones were overwhelmingly positioned as commercial projects. Particularly in the Asian zones, China is following in the footsteps of Japan. The zone programme, and the Chinese foreign investment it hoped to foster, represents a clear case of the international projection of China's developmental state. However, in Africa (but not generally elsewhere) discourse surrounding the zones publicly positions them as a transfer of China's own development success, thus potentially enhancing China's political relationships and soft power on the continent.     

矿业城市类型及发展现状比较研究

按照本文确定的矿业城市标准,我国现有矿业城市的数量为129个。本文对按照矿业类型划分的八类矿业城市发展现状进行比较。总体上看,矿业城市的发展状况比非矿业城市差,低于全国城市的平均水平;在矿业城市中,不同类型发展情况不同,石油城市在经济效益、财政收入、基础设施建设、在岗职工工资及利用外资能力等方面都是发展最好的,并且许多方面超过了全国城市的平均水平,其余类型的矿业城市发展较差,但不同类型发展状况不同,即使同一类型的矿业城市发展状况也不一样。矿业城市发展状况的不同为制定矿业城市转型政策提供了基础和依据。     

The Results of the 21st International Geographical Congress

A review of the New Delhi meetings notes the significance of the congress for the development of the science of geography in India as well as the growing participation of geographers from developing countries. Abstracts of papers are analyzed statistically by subject and by country of origin. The geography of agriculture and urban geography are found to be more heavily represented than at most congresses (except the 18th in Rio de Janeiro), reflecting the significance of these two research areas for developing countries. Papers from socialist countries are found to be underrepresented in biogeography (especially medical geography) and the geography of agriculture, industry, and transportation. The hope is expressed that the Montreal congress in 1972 will break away from the traditional thematic breakdown and organize sections around interdisciplinary problem areas.     

The Formation of Functional Types of Settlements in the Southern Tayga

The original settlement pattern of farming villages in the Angara-Yenisey river district, which dates from the 17th century, has been greatly altered by the introduction of new economic activities, such as gold mining, lumbering, and transport services. A flow of population from agriculture to industry has been evident in the steady decline of population in farming villages, many of which have been amalgamated with adjoining industrial settlements.     

World Food and Agriculture Elements of the System to the Year 2000

Abstract

The predominating characteristic in world food and agriculture is a high degree of national self-sufficiency. Divergencies in national situations are, however, so great that accurate aggregate statement are difficult to make. The domestic food problems of OECD countries are and should remain relatively minor; those of the USSR and East Europe are more severe but they too should be fully manageable in the medium to longer run. China is likely to remain basically self-sufficient but could become one of the world's greatest importers. The food problem is most critical in low income countries. A continuation of the trends of the last two decades would worsen some aspect of their situation. Such an outcome is not inevitable. A just-completed 90-country study by FAO assessed that developing country food output could grow at around 3.7% over the years 1980–2000 compared with a trend of just under 3%. If this is accompanied by some redistribution of purchasing power and improvements in the international policy framework, including larger food stocks, by the year 2000 their food problems could be largely solved. The inescapable modernization of developing country agriculture will be difficult and very expensive. Developing countries must receive at least one dollar in six of their agricultural investment requirements as external assistance.     

西北地区特色农业发展潜力与定位分析

西北地区地域广阔,地貌类型多样,具有发展特色农业的比较优势。然而,受自然条件、资源禀赋、市场容量、增收潜力、粮食安全与生态环境等因素的综合制约,不宜高估西部特色农业发展的潜力。从区域宏观层面进行西北特色农业发展潜力的客观评价,对于利用有限资金,适度发挥特色农业资源的比较优势,科学协调农村脱贫致富与生态环境保护关系,促进区域社会经济可持续发展,具有重要的战略意义。     

中国古代生产技术与地理环境的关系

本文从环境角度探讨了有关中国古代农业生产 技术的发展过程，得出了一些新结论：首先，中国■土的形成是二 千多年来耕作、施肥的结晶。那种认为中国原始的黄土很肥沃、春 秋诸侯国向“无主的山林泽薮”、“无人的原野”开垦农地等观点是 错误的；其次，战国时代存在着两种农业发展路线，中国屏弃了 《管子》型农林牧渔猎多种经营的道路，走上了《商君书》式的农本 主义道路；第三，由于发展桑蚕与种植谷物在劳力与耕地方面较 少矛盾，所以中国在衣料品生产中特别重视种桑养蚕，形成了中 国古代农桑并举的生产结构；第四，中国农业生产力是不同于西 欧的特殊形态，靠精耕细作和施肥来保持地为常新，具有较高的 劳动效率。     

The Formation of Territorial Differences in the Economy of the South of Eastern Siberia in the First Half of the 18th Century

A regional survey of the principal economic activities and settlement patterns in the southern part of Eastern Siberia in the first half of the 18th century, based on the study of archival materials. Six regions are distinguished in a territory extending from Krasnoyarsk in the west to Nerchinsk in the east, with information on population and the relative significance of Russian agriculture, indigenous stockherding, hunting and fishing, mining, craft industries, and trade.     

Self-Sustainability of Subsidiary Household Plots: Lessons for Privatization of Agriculture in Former Socialist Countries

A paper devoted to subsidiary household (private) plots in the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union explores issues surrounding their economic viability during the current period of economic transition and agrarian reform, using Russian farms as the main example. Considerable emphasis is placed on the continuing strong linkages between subsidiary household plots and the system of collectivized agriculture, one of several factors that serves to differentiate this type of agriculture from the private (peasant) farms receiving so much attention recently as an indicator of agrarian reform. A key argument of the paper is that the performance of subsidiary household farms is not a good indicator of prospects for success of private farming in Russia, because subsidiary farms are closely linked to collectivized agriculture in terms of sources of inputs and channels for outputs, and therefore are not inherently “private.” 8 tables, 24 references.     

中国东北地区与俄罗斯远东地区及蒙古人民共和国产业合作开发研究

本文从产业结构分析出发,研究了东北亚经济区中一个特殊区域上三个国家间经济技术合作的政治和经济基础,指出了区域间经济技术合作的资源互补性、产业发展差异性、科技水平各具优势特征和经济发展水平差异性等现状特征,提出了中国东北地区与俄罗斯远东地区及蒙古人民共和国在经济技术合作的产业方向。     

近代山东经济格局变迁研究——以港口与腹地互动为视角

19世纪60年代烟台、青岛、威海和龙口等港口先后开埠通商,口岸贸易使腹地工农业获得了长足发展,由此引发了山东省经济格局的调整,即经济轴心由沿运河纵向分布变为沿港口和铁路的横向布局。而且由于腹地与非腹地、腹地内部劳动地域分工的差异导致了省内经济发展的不平衡。这种格局对当代山东经济地理产生了深远的影响。     

上海、东京城市化进程及动力因子比较研究

本文以中国上海和日本东京为案例地,从人口、经济、土地、社会,城市化内涵的四个方面入手,运用熵值法对上海1985-2012 年和东京1954-2009 年的城市化水平进行综合测度,对比分析二者城市化进程,其次利用主成分回归法对二者城市化进程的驱动因子进行对比分析。结果表明：①上海目前处于城市化继续发展阶段,以城市经济的增长和土地面积的扩张为主要特征;东京目前处于城市化稳定发展阶段,经济的迅速发展和社会服务体系的完善是其城市化的主要体现;②城市化进程动力因子对比显示,上海主要依靠投资、内需及城市土地扩张推动,经济外向力作用相对较弱,而东京城市化动力中经济外向力作用明显。     

Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Korea: Governing Multifunctional Institutions

Combining economic development and poverty reduction is a challenge for developing countries. In the search for mechanisms that integrate both goals, this article examines the Republic of Korea's development strategy, which transformed one of Asia's poorest nations into an industrialized country with low levels of poverty. The authors investigate the state–society nexus in which Korea's developmental state has operated and look at the role of governance for economic development, focusing especially on multifunctioning institutions performing for economic growth and poverty reduction. The article provides strategic suggestions for developing countries on managing effectively within institutional constraints and moving beyond a simple emphasis on good governance.     

Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe: Its Genesis,Adjustment Process,and Impact on Developing Countries

ABSTRACT Increasing strains on self-sufficiency within the block of East European command economies resulted in the dramatic decision to change over to an economic system largely based on market forces. The painfulness of the ensuing transformation process will be mitigated somewhat by supportive economic policies of the West, including the European Community which is itself aiming at complete economic integration by the end of 1992. The consequences for the developing countries of these far-reaching policy changes in East and West are likely to be negative, at least in the immediate future. This is true for the volume of development assistance given by East and West, as well as for the export prospects of developing countries. Favourable effects might at best be expected in the longer run.     

清代前期在缅甸的华人（1662—1795）

清代前期寓居缅甸的华人较前大为增多 ,但桂家并不是华人集团。这个时期在缅华人出现了一些新特点 :在分布上较前更广泛 ,从事的职业也以矿业和商业为主 ,也有人从事手工业和农业 ,在华人集中的一些地区还出现了华人社区。而出现这些现象的原因 ,既是中缅之间经济联系更加紧密的结果 ,也与当时缅甸国内的社会情况及缅甸王朝奉行的政策有关     

发达国家与发展中国家城市化若干问题的对比研究

本文首先对比了发达国家和发展中国家城市化进程上的差别,简要分析了经济发展水平对城市化进程的制约作用;阐述了两类国家城市化发展的新态势与存在的三方面主要问题,即城市化水平的差距日趋缩小、发展中国家受到过度城市化与大城市急剧膨胀的严峻挑战、发达国家进入逆城市化与再城市化的新阶段;最后针对全球化背景下城市化发展面临的机遇和风险,提出对各国城市化协调发展战略的初步思考。