On the Study of the History of Geographical Ideas

The author rebuts the criticism by Yu. G. Saushkin that the book Razvitiye geograficheskikh idey [The Evolution of Geographical Ideas] is in effect a history of physical geography rather than a history of geography as a whole. Isachenko contends that concepts of natural science have been at the root of geography throughout its history and it is therefore natural for a history of geographical ideas to deal predominantly with the ideas of physical geography. Far from having ignored human geography, Isachenko contends, his book traces the anthropocentric school through its various stages of development. Only the survey of Soviet geography was restricted to physical geography, the author says, because Soviet geography consists of two virtually independent disciplines and the author happens to be a physical geographer viewing his discipline as the foundation of all geography.     

The Scientific Basis for Presentation of the General Geographical Relations of the Landscape Sphere in an Exhibit of the Museum of Earth Science

The author, a curator of the Earth Science Museum of Moscow University and an advocate of a general geography, reviews the methodological dispute in Soviet geography. He urges official status in education and research for a general geography that would be concerned with establishing the general geographic laws of the man-nature relationship and would delimit natural-social regions and zones. Such a general geography, in the author's view, would not supersede or dominate the other branches of geography, but would function side by side with the particular disciplines. Proposals made by I. P. Gerasimov in 1966 to restructure geography into basic problem areas instead of the traditional subdivisions are said to be in line with the efforts of those advocating a general geography.     

抗战时期对西南历史地理的研究

抗战时期,随国民政府还都重庆,大批史地学者和教学科研机构云集西南。他们应西南开发的需要,积极开展西南历史地理的教学、科研工作,并在对西南历史政治地理、西南历史民族地理、西南历史经济地理、西南历史自然地理等方面的研究上取得不同程度的进展。西南历史地理研究的特点主要表现在内容、方法、目的三个方面。     

From the Inside Looking out and the Outside Looking in: Whatever Happened to ‘Behavioural Geography’?

As part of the Institute of Australian Geographers' Millennium Project, this article examines the shift of behavioural geography from a cutting edge sub-discipline to a branch of enquiry that is now much less prominent in mainstream human geography, especially in Australia. Through an exploration of the rationale for behavioural geography, a brief outline of the nature of the work that was done, and a consideration of the critiques of behavioural geography, the paper argues that behavioural geography enriched the discipline in several ways: it was instrumental in encouraging geographers to consider the epistemological foundations of the discipline; it fostered consideration of a variety of philosophical and methodological positions; and it highlighted the need to consider interrelationships between individuals, groups, society and environment thereby bringing into prominence the ways in which shared environmental meanings are contested and negotiated. Behavioural geography might be a term that is used much less than it once was and behaviourally-orientated research might increasingly find expression in interdisciplinary outlets rather than in mainstream geography journals but contemporary geography is heir to the endeavours of behavioural geography.     

Problems of Geographical Education in the USSR

Geography education in the Soviet Union is found to lag behind advances in geography as a research discipline. Courses in both elementary and secondary schools and at the college and university level are overloaded with factual material at the expense of theoretical problems and general concepts. An essential requisite for improving the content of geography education is better training of geography teachers. Soviet geography teachers are now being trained mainly in the combined geography-biology faculties of teachers colleges. Combined training in more than one teaching discipline is essential because a teacher trained in geography alone would not have a full teaching load of 18 hours a week in most schools. However, the geography-biology combination does not appear to be optimal because the emphasis in biology is no longer on botany and zoology, as in the past, but on human physiology and genetics, with less relevance to geography. It is recommended that geography as a teaching discipline be combined with other subjects of instruction having greater relevance to geography teaching, possibly chemistry, physical education or foreign languages. Less emphasis on fact-loaded regional courses and more stress on systematic courses is recommended, together with training in mathematical techniques.     

提高初中地理课堂教学有效性的若干建议

要提高地理课堂教学的有效性,就要把握好地理课自身的特点。作为地理课堂教学的实质应该是让学生利用地理知识来认识地理事物、解释地理现象、解决地理问题,从而培养学生相应的能力。这是地理课堂教学中的重点和难点所在,也是地理课堂教学的首要。     

The Development of Geography in the Ukraine during the Soviet Period

A survey of geographic research in the Ukraine over the last 50 years reviews work in the various disciplines. In physical geography, research has focused on the problems of the steppe, including irrigation, droughts and erosion control. In economic geography, work has concentrated on resource development, agricultural regionalization and industrial geography. Research in geography is done mainly by universities, institutes of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and a number of government agencies.     

Mapping race and gender in the academy: the experiences of women of colour faculty and graduate students in Britain,the US and Canada

This paper examines the experiences of women of colour in geography. An analysis of qualitative, open‐ended questionnaires with women of colour geography faculty and graduate students in North America and Britain suggests that policies and practices within geography departments continue to reflect a pervasive persistence of racialized and gendered inequities in the workplace. There has been relatively little application of theoretical work on race and gender to the minority experience within geography. Some strategies suggested to challenge racialized and gendered barriers that limit women of colour's full participation in geography include a proactive recruitment programme, diversification of the curriculum and development of mentoring.     

Educating geographers in Spain: geography teaching renewal by implementing the European Higher Education Area

This article discusses the current state of the geography discipline in Spanish Universities after putting into action the European Higher Education Area. After decades of geography teaching, following theoretical and expository discourse models, the so-called Bologna Process has been a great opportunity to reflect what geography should be taught, how geography should be taught and why geography should be taught. Aspects such as competences, employability, learning methodologies, assessment, Geographical Information Systems domain have been incorporated into the renewal of geography teaching in Spanish higher education, which has contributed to the strengthening of geography in a context of geospatial technologies revolution and public awareness of spatial challenges.     

Results of the Development of Geograpy in the Moldavian SSR under Soviet Rule

Geographic research in Moldavia under Soviet rule is reviewed, including major research topics, and the principal authors and institutions working in the various branches of geography. The establishment of a separate geography institute under the Moldavian Academy of Sciences and of a separate geography faculty at Kishinev University is urged.     

On the Unity of Geography

A Leningrad University physical geographer criticizes attempts to affirm the unity of geography through the creation of new disciplines like “general geography,” which would focus on study of the man-nature relationship. He contends that such a general geography, which would seek to identify general geographic laws, is advocated primarily by economic geographers who would emphasize the role of man at the expense of physical geography. Isachenko takes issue with the view that what makes any research “geographical” is its relationship to man. He contends that the criterion of whether any investigation is “geographical” is its relationship to the geosystem, defined as any natural complex, ranging from the global to the local scale. In his opinion, the unity of geography should be furthered not through the establishment of new supradisciplines, such as general geography, but through closer ties, both in methodology and in organizational terms, between the two main groups of geographical disciplines—physical geography and economic geography.     

对城市社会-生活空间的本体解构

根据国外著名学者的观点与权威性文献总结国外地理学社会论(学派)形成与发展的思维观,重点探讨城市社会-生活空间理论的思想与方法论,并力图用概念化结构模式(图)表示出来,作为理解城市社会-生活空间本体构成,以及进一步对其研究的解构理念。全文从地理学社会论创立解剖社会空间的思想观逻辑,预示城市社会-生活空间规律的研究代表了当今人文地理学前沿理论水平的重要方面。     

积极开展海洋人文地理学研究促进我国海洋开发

海洋经济地理研究工作大体上是从我国进行全国海岸带调查时开展起来的,前后开展了海岸带(包括从岸线起陆上10公里至水下-15米〈实际已达-35米〉的地带)的资源调查与评价、社会经济调查与评价、资源利用与开发设想,以及乡镇、县和市的综合开发研究(例如小区综合开发试验和县、市国民经济发展综合规划的研究)等项研究工作,取得了一批成果,也积累了一些经验,特别是发现了一些问题.由于这一时期是以     

Bilingualism and geographical knowledge: A case study of students at the University of Wales,Aberystwyth

This paper explores the role of languages in the constitution of geographical knowledge. We argue that the fact that people speak different languages is significant to the ways in which they engage with geography as a subject. We unpack some of the processes through which languages make a difference to geography through an empirical project based on students at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where geography is taught bilingually through Welsh and English. Student geography is a particularly interesting arena to further this theme, because of students' mediating role in translating professional geography into the popular sphere, which in the case of students at Aberystwyth is also a different linguistic sphere. Our empirical work suggests that the use of Welsh creates a particular linguistic culture of geography, because of the shared experience of specific practices and politics in bilingual education. This makes a difference to the kinds of geography consumed and produced by bilingual students. Through a discussion of the linguistic identity of Welsh geography, we address some of the implications and limitations of this social formation. We conclude by arguing that a focus on language has the potential to open up new ways of talking about geography.     

企业地理研究述评

西方发达国家自本世纪60年代以来,企业地理研究的理论、方法和实践已有了很大进展。为开展我国企业地理研究,本文围绕着企业地理研究的方法、产生背景及其发展阶段、主要研究领域以及研究动向等四个方面进行探讨,并认为在我国开展企业地理研究具有广阔的发展前景和深远的理论与实践意义。     

论汉藏人文地理分界线——以河洮岷地区为中心的分析

历史时期汉藏人文地理分界线在青藏高原东北缘曾有三次较大的变动。文章论述了三次汉藏人文地理分界线的形成、摆动与稳定及其环境意义。认为,雪山(祁连山)—黄河分界线是唐蕃依据地理条件最有利原则下的一种势力范围划分;六盘山—陇山分界线是地理条件决定下的唐蕃分界线;唐蕃以后汉藏人文地理分界线的缓慢西移并最终稳定在河洮岷一线,汉藏民族的经济理性行为是其重要的影响因素。     

On the Interaction of the Geographic Sciences

Taking Il'yichev as a starting point, Ryabchikov argues that the different character of the laws of nature and of society requires continued separation of physical and economic geography, but that this division should not prevent the closest interaction between the two, leading to geographic synthesis and, ultimately, geographic forecasting. Ryabchikov regards synthesis Linwhich he includes regional geography] as an approach for generalizing the findings of separate disciplines, and not as a separate science in itself. He also opposes the concept of a unified geography.     

The Geography of Industry in the United States

This review article surveys American work on the geography of industry from the point of view of five lines of research: (1) the development of a general theory of industrial location; (2) the geography of manufacturing as a whole and the delimitation of manufacturing districts; (3) the geography of individual industries; (4) study of individual industrial districts and centers; and (5) the effect of technological change on the geography of industry.     

欧美应用地理学研究的主要内容和特点

应用地理学以地理学的理论和方法为基础,是纯学术地理学的延伸,包括评价和实施两个重要阶段,价值分析在其中起很大作用。欧美应用地理学的研究内容包括:环境与资源、规划与建设、文化与社会;其显著特点是:与政府和企业密切合作、致力于解决现实紧迫问题、特别强调区域研究和规划与政策的评价与实施。