The Role of River Transport in the Development and Location of Productive Forces in the Eastern Regions of the USSR

A basin-by-basin survey of water-borne freight movements in Siberia. The Ob'-Irtysh basin has gained in significance with the development of its oil and gas resources, and further expansion of water transport depends mainly on construction of additional cargo-handling facilities. In the Yenisey basin, the construction of large hydroelectric dams tends to provide an important deep-water route between Lake Baykal and the sea, but no ship locks are being provided in most of the dams. The importance of the Lena basin has been enhanced since 1951 by the construction of the Tayshet-Lena railroad, providing direct access to the upper Lena from the Trans-Siberian main line. Cargo destined for the north coast of Siberia now moves increasingly through the Lena basin instead of over the Northern Sea Route. The Amur River continues to play an important transport role (especially for lumber and coal movements) even though large segments of the stream are paralleled by the railroad.     

A Conference on the Economic Development of the Volga Region

The magnitude of migratory movements has been steadily increasing in the USSR over the years, so that now more than 10 million people change their permanent place of residence every year. Although natural increase in cities has become an increasingly significant component in urban population growth, migration still contributes the largest element of that growth. The author applies an index of the effectiveness of migration to the process of urbanization in the USSR. This is the ratio of net migration in a particular place or region to the gross migration (sum of arrivals and departures). In general, migration from rural areas to cities is confined to a particular oblast or group of adjoining oblasts while city-to-city migration tends to cover greater distances between regions. Mean distances of migration are analyzed for the various economic regions of the USSR.     

Productive Forces and Productive Territorial Complexes in the Northeast of the USSR

The author analyzes the present spotty pattern of areal development of the Northeast around isolated mining districts extracting gold, tin, tungsten, diamonds, and other minerals, separated from one another by vast virtually uninhabited territories where fishing, reindeer raising, and trapping are the principal economic activities. The role of transport routes in regional development is stressed. Future prospects of industrial growth are linked to iron-steel, oil-gas, and chemical industries.     

The Basic Tendencies of Development of the Industrial Complex of the Volga Region

A review of the principal problems of economic development of the Volga region, with special emphasis on the oil, gas, chemical, and power-generating industries.     

A Territorial Model of Productive Forces

The author formulates conditions required for a territorial model of productive forces that is constructed out of regional units rather than the sectoral units of the national economy. The regional units themselves are delimited in the process of optimization of the regional structure of the national economy. The over-all model is constructed out of a system of four preliminary models. They are: a territorial model of a single-product industry, a model of transport flows, a model of a regional unit and a model of the division of labor among regional units. The author examines interactions between the models and the criteria of optimality of each of the four models as well as other formally stated assumptions.     

The Effectiveness of Integrated Development of Productive Forces in the New Pioneering Areas of Western Siberia

Coordinated development of industries in Western Siberia is advocated as a way of raising the effectiveness of capital investment in this new pioneering region. Significant savings in investment and operating costs are envisaged through the development of territorial-production complexes and industrial nodes with interrelated industrial enterprises and common service industries, such as water supply, utilities and transportation. Cost-benefit calculations by the Council for Study of Productive Forces, the Soviet Government's preplanning research agency, suggest that the integrated approach to regional development would yield investment savings of up to 20 percent or more compared with the construction of isolated industrial establishments.     

The Integrated Development and Location of the Petrochemical Industry in Industrial Nodes of the Middle Volga Region

The author distinguishes between territorial complexes, typical of old industrial nodes like Kuybyshev and Ufa, where the various processes in the petrochemical production sequence are handled by separate plants, and production complexes, typical of the newer centers, where all the processes are combined under a single combine management.     

加快少数民族地区经济发展体现了先进生产力的发展要求

中国共产党执政以来不断探索中国特色社会主义发展道路重要经验,“社会主义根本任务是发展生产力”．这是重要经验之一。本从三个方面论述了少数民族地区经济发展存在的问题以及加快发展的途径。     

Problems of Transport Development of the West Siberian Plain in Conjunction with the Formation of a new Economic Complex in its Territory

A transportation model of the West Siberian plain is based on a division of the region into subregions, and estimates of expected traffic requirements among these subregions. Arguments for and against the construction of railroads, as opposed to waterways and highways, as the basic means of transport are presented. The Tyumen'-Surgut railroad, now under construction, is viewed as the optimal initial approach to the region's transport development. Future alternative rail lines are outlined.     

试论我党如何更好地代表中国先进社会生产力发展要求

江泽民同志提出的"三个代表"思想是一个相互联系、相互促进、互为因果的辩证统一的有机整体,同时又有各自特定的内涵和要求.其中居首要地位的是第一个代表,即"始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求".有了先进的社会生产力,先进文化的发展才有坚实可靠的物质文化需要,才能更好地代表最广大人民群众的根本利益.     

加快少数民族地区经济发展体现了先进生产力的发展要求

“三个代表”重要思想是一个相互联系、相互促进、互为因果的统一整体,其中发展先进的生产力,是发展先进文化,实现最广大人民根本利益的基础条件;先进文化反映着生产力的发展水平,同时又为经济发展和社会进步提供精神动力和智力支持;代表最广大人民的根本利益则是中国共产党及其领导的政府一切工作的出发点和归宿,也是先进生产力和先进文化发展的最终落脚点。民族工作和少数民族地区的一切工作亦均需面对新形势、新任务,结合少数民族地区经济社会实际,把发展先进生产力摆在首要位置,加快地区经济建设,不断把改革开放和现代化建设事业推向前进,充分体现先进生产力的发展要求。对于少数民族地区地方政府而言,一方面要从发展先进生产力的要求来观察民族地区生产力发展中存在的问题,另一方面则要接着发展先进生产力的要求推进少数民族地区经济的发展。特别是要在发展中研究和解决问题,树立和应用科学的发展观,稳步实现民族地区的发展和繁荣。     

The Territorial Structural Organization of the Productive Forces of Kazakhstan

The future economic development of Kazakhstan and its problems are discussed in terms of localized, technologically integrated production complexes, such as industrial districts and nodes or agrarian-industrial complexes, which in turn are combined into broader regional complexes. Five such regional complexes are distinguished—North, West, Center, South, East—and the present state of the economy and the problems of future development are discussed.     

浅析自然资源状况对生产力及经济体制的制约、影响作用

本从自然资源与生产力两个基本要素（劳动、劳动工具）的结合及其作用关系中,阐述它对生产力发展的制约、影响作用,并据此将现今世界不同生产力水平押家划分为四咱类型,且对其作了对比分析,接着,本又对资源短缺制约与经济体制选择作了分析,指出：社会主义市场经济是克服资源短缺制约的最佳经济体制。     

Scientific Principles for a General Long-Range Scheme of Location of the Productive Forces of the USSR

The general long-range scheme of economic location, evidently being worked out by the Council for Study of Productive Forces, Gosplan USSR, involves three aspects: a regional aspect, designed to determine the regional specialization and the prospects of an integrated regional economy on a given resource base; an analysis of economic sectors, evaluating locational factors in specific industries, types of farming, and transportation; and a “synthetic” analysis of major national development problems, such as manpower redistribution, utilization of the underemployed population of small towns, rational use of energy and water resources, etc.).     

Water-Transport Problems of Central Asia in Connection with Water-Management Projects on the Amudarya and the Karakum Canal

The economics of Central Asian transportation are such that railroads are more economical than waterways if they run parallel, but water transport is considerably more economical than motor transport in the absence of railroads. This explains why shipping was never significant along the Syrdarya, one of the two major streams of Central Asia, which has been paralleled by a railroad (from Orenburg to Tashkent) since 1906. The situation was different in the case of the Amudarya, which was paralleled by a railroad in its lower reaches only since 1955. The significance of shipping on the Aral Sea is declining rapidly as more water is being withdrawn from its tributary streams for irrigation and the sea level is dropping. The author sees a future for water transportation on a southern east-west route made up by the upper reaches of the Amudarya and the Karakum Canal. However, such a route would require considerably additional capital investment on the canal to make it accessible to larger barges.     

Scientific Principles of the General Outline for the Location of Productive Forces of the USSR for the Period up to 1970

The Council for the Study of Productive Forces, the preplanning economic research agency of the USSR, has completed a general outline for economic development of the Soviet Union over the period 1971–1980. The general outline contains sections devoted to particular sectors of the economy, to particular republics and economic regions, and to major areal development complexes. It is the result of a five-year effort that involved 20,000 scholars and technicians associated with 560 research and planning agencies. The present paper deals with the fundamental principles that guided the drafting of this 10-year development program, which has not been published. The paper focuses on five aspects that have been of particular relevance in resolving location problems: (1) the accelerating rate of scientific and technical progress, (2) the assuring of the proper territorial proportions in economic development, (3) the formation of new regions and economic complexes, (4) new problems in the man-nature relationship, notably environmental pollution, and (5) the close relationship between systems of settlement and the location of development projects.     

Transport Development of the Middle Ob'oil District

Two basic alternative transport systems are analyzed for the new oil-producing district along the Middle Ob'valley in West Siberia. One is the construction of a railroad parallel to the Ob' River; the other is the use of the waterway itself. Comparative cost analysis suggests that the railroad would be economical only for very large traffic volumes, not expectable in the foreseeable future. By 1980–1985, expected freight flows may justify construction of the western section of the proposed railroad in the oil district itself. Instead of an eastward extension, the author advocates a continuation toward the rich gas and possibly oil prospects in the northern part of the West Siberian plain, and ultimately to Noril'sk. The paper was published before the Soviet Union announced, in early 1970, that the accelerated development of the oil district required construction of the western section of the Ob'valley railroad in the 1970s.     

The Industrial Nodes of the Middle Volga

A typology of industrial nodes based on such economic factors as the use of local or long-haul raw materials, the importance of the national market for each node's finished products, the level of industrial employment, electrification of production processes, output per unit of capital investment, and labor productivity.