ECONOMIC REGIONALIZATION OF THE EASTERN ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF THE BAIKAL-AMUR MAINLINE (CONCEPTUALIZATION AND METHOD)

Soviet geographers thus far have conceptualized regional development in the future BAM zone as a series of resource-based industrial complexes arrayed along the east-west mainline. An alternative regional design presented here involves a series of compensatory regional complexes in which a developed southern tier along the Trans-Siberian would be complemented by a resource-based northern tier along the BAM. A number of developed industrial centers along the Trans-Siberian that might serve as the bases for such south-north oriented regions are identified, along with transverse transportation routes linking segments of the Trans-Siberian and of the BAM within each of these proposed regional units.     

Specific Peculiarities of the West Siberian Economic Complex

The development of the newly discovered oil and gas resources and expansion of timber production in Western Siberia are hampered by a harsh physical environment and climate, the absence of transport routes, the lack of local building materials, and the need for attracting manpower from the outside. Despite these handicaps, however, the concentration of vast oil and gas reserves near the fuel-deficit regions of the Urals and Western Siberia is expected to make the development of these resources as well as of West Siberian timber economical.     

Transportation and the Formation of Economic Regions

The author outlines a methodology for determining an optimal location pattern of production and transportation in the USSR that would entail minimum combined production and transport costs of each product. Verification of this scheme at the Institute suggests that it can be used in planning practice if existing sovnarkhozes [industrial-management councils] are regarded as territorial production complexes.     

区域交通优势度评价模型的建立与实证——以山东省为例

交通是区域发展的动脉。对于进入工业化、城市化快速发展轨道的中国而言,交通区位的影响日益强烈。尝试建立一种简单易懂的交通优势度比较模型,并以山东省139个县(市)区为例进行分析。结果发现,该模型较好地反映了山东各地的交通优势差异。同时利用SPSS模型,对山东省各县市交通优势度进行聚类分析,将全省不同地区的交通优势度分为高、中高、中、中低、低五个等级,发现全省各县(市)区优势度具有以中心城市为核心呈现类似同心圆的结构形态。     

上海市大型制造业基地开发模式研究

在阐述西方大型制造业基地开发经验和上海市大型制造业基地基本特征的基础上,文章从经济-区位-功能-空间联系的视角,着重分析了上海市大型制造业基地的经济开发、功能开发与空间形态开发。本文总结了上海大型制造业基地发展的4大特征,即规模大型化、产业集群化、结构高级化、运行高效化。在对开发模式得分析中,得出以下主要结论:①根据制造业性质差异性,经济开发分为网络型、子母型与并列型3种模式;②受区位选择制约,功能开发分为城区融合型和纯产业区型;③空间形态开发可分为离散状、带状和组团状模式。另外,通过上海大型制造业基地开发与西方的对比,可以发现两者既有相似的特征,更存在显著的差异。     

Water-Transport Problems of Central Asia in Connection with Water-Management Projects on the Amudarya and the Karakum Canal

The economics of Central Asian transportation are such that railroads are more economical than waterways if they run parallel, but water transport is considerably more economical than motor transport in the absence of railroads. This explains why shipping was never significant along the Syrdarya, one of the two major streams of Central Asia, which has been paralleled by a railroad (from Orenburg to Tashkent) since 1906. The situation was different in the case of the Amudarya, which was paralleled by a railroad in its lower reaches only since 1955. The significance of shipping on the Aral Sea is declining rapidly as more water is being withdrawn from its tributary streams for irrigation and the sea level is dropping. The author sees a future for water transportation on a southern east-west route made up by the upper reaches of the Amudarya and the Karakum Canal. However, such a route would require considerably additional capital investment on the canal to make it accessible to larger barges.     

公共交通可达性分析方法进展

公共交通可达性拥有空间属性、时间属性、社会属性和经济属性,它是一种衡量区位价值的综合性指标,不仅可以反映城市空间特征,同时对城市中生活的人的社会经济属性和生活习惯,具有一定的解释力。为了不断适应新形势下的交通发展要求,减少环境负担,早日实现低碳绿色发展,创新公交都市规划与分析方法迫在眉睫。本文对基于个人的、基于效用的、基于基础设施的和基于位置的可达性研究进行了回顾,并归纳了七种公共交通可达性的分析方法,分别为：基于缓冲区的公共交通站点可达性、基于供需模型的公共交通面状可达性、基于网络分析法的公共交通网络可达性、基于成本栅格法的公共交通可达性、基于成本栅格与网络分析的集成法的公共交通可达性、基于高性能图形数据库的公共交通高精度可达性、基于开放地图 API 的公共交通高精度可达性。 以期为我国未来公共交通可达性的分析方法提供指引和借鉴。     

Regional Peculiarities in the Formation of Industrial Nodes in the Middle Ob' Region

Limiting environmental conditions in the construction of industrial nodes in the new oil district of the Middle Ob' are the rigorous climate, extensive swamp cover and absence of ground transportation. These adverse factors are compensated to some extent by the shallow depth of oil deposits, favorable geology and the availability of groundwater that can be injected to maintain oil-reservoir pressures. The basic problems in the development of the oil district are the shortage of housing, services and local foodproducts and consumer goods as well as the high cost of construction of transport routes. Greater investment in services is urged to help reduce the high turnover of labor as migrants are reluctant to settle permanently in the region.     

青岛物流产业发展的空间竞争研究

物流是在网络信息技术支持之下,由运输、仓储、包装、装卸、加工和配送等环节所组成的,有形物品从产出源地到最终消费地的流动仓储活动。物流产业是推动地区经济发展的新型服务产业,是社会分工深化的结果。通过构建国际物流流程模型,探索港口城市国际物流的运作机制和一般规律;通过对三大港口城市进行港口-腹地关系的对比分析,揭示青岛物流产业发展所面临的国际和国内竞争;最后,结合青岛在区位、水深、腹地以及港口设施等方面的优势,提出青岛物流产业发展的方向及对策。     

The National Sample from the 1851 Census of Great Britain an Interim Report on Methods and Progress

Abstract

In the last years, the use of geographical information systems has been common in many historical and geographical studies. Perhaps one of the least known applications is network analysis, a series of functions related to hydrology and mobility. Since 1994, researchers have used network analyses to understand costs and time expenditure in transportation in Roman times, with the aim of modeling commercial routes. Archaeological objects were employed to confirm those commercial distributions whose quantities were related basically to transport costs. The present articles go far beyond and attempt to understand decisions in building a transport network based on time series. It seems that not all Roman decisions in transport infrastructure were due to economic reasons; some parts of Roman roads were built basically for political reasons and affected later developments.     

Historical Geography of Industry in the Cherepovets Country

The Cherepovets country has historically benefited from a favorable transport geography on the divide between major drainage basins. While the White Sea trade through Arkhangel'sk flourished, the region was situated at the intersection of south-north routes between Moscow and the White Sea and west-east routes between Novgorod and Vologda. After the rise of St. Petersburg, the economic-geographic situation of the region was reoriented toward the Baltic Sea. Industrial development in the region was fostered by the construction of the Tikhvin, Mariinsk and North Dvina waterways in the early 19th century. Metalworks and flour mills, based largely on long-haul raw materials, flourished in the first half of the 19th century. These industries declined when the construction of railroads deprived the region of its favorable transport situation on waterways, and lumbering, sawmills and paper and board production became the principal economic activities. Other industries that developed in the second half of the 19th century on a local raw-material base were glass works. In recent years the regional economy has been dominated by the huge modern iron and steel complex at Cherepovets.     

南京城市轨道交通建设潜在影响下的土地利用分异研究

选取南京轨道交通沿线土地利用状态作为研究对象,针对南京轨道交通建设的发展背景和特点,通过GIS和RS技术,建立南京市中心城区的土地利用、交通等综合数据库,运用"廊道效应"方法,研究轨道交通沿线的土地利用分异情况,探讨轨道交通建设对城市土地利用空间分异的潜在影响。结果表明:居住用地已经表现出明显的廊道效应,从轨道交通线中心圈层向外逐步递减;而公共设施用地和工业用地则表现不明显。基于以上结果,从空间角度研究轨道交通线路与沿线土地利用的相互关系,提出有利于南京轨道交通建设与高强度土地开发相结合的联合开发模式。     

The role of aviation networks for urban development

City officials are continuously working to attract airlines willing to fly to new destinations. The inherent expectation is that a more extensive aviation network stimulates economic growth. This paper investigates empirically the causal implication of this hypothesis. Using data on nonstop flights by origin and destination over the period 1984–2013, we propose a new measure for a metropolitan area's connectivity to the national aviation network. We then use this measure to investigate its contribution to local economic development, as captured by the growth in population, in total employment, in per-capita income, and new firm entry. To ensure causality, we use instrumental variable methods that exploit geography and destination airports growth as a way to capture the exogenous variation in the likelihood to add new travel routes. Our results suggest that a metropolitan area's air connectivity, resulting from an expansive local aviation network, has a positive effect on population, on employment and on the number of businesses established in that location.     

新世纪西部工业化战略初探

西部各省提出的要"大力发展高新科技产业","实现跨越式发展",很大程度上还是一厢情愿。因此,西部地区在新世纪的工业化战略选择上必须立足于西部各省区比较优势的客观现实,最大限度地利用劳动力成本低廉的优势、资源性产品丰富的优势,实现资本积累的稳步提高;同时西部也要充分利用几十年建设形成的经济基础,在局部地区、重点领域发挥后发优势,实现突破,逐步缩小与中东部地区的差距。西部新世纪的工业化战略应包含这些不同水平的发展内容,复合式工业化战略就是体现这种特色的一个战略选择。     

BASIC PROBLEMS IN THE STAGE-BY-STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSPORT NET IN THE ZONE OF THE BAIKAL-AMUR MAINLINE

The evolution of the transport net within the BAM zone is examined in terms of three development stages. The first stage will involve the construction of the initial framework of the future transport net; aside from the BAM itself, it is recommended that consideration be given to the construction of a permanent motor road instead of the temporary construction road now envisaged. The second stage, in the author's view, should include the start of an extension of the Little BAM northward toward Yakutsk, as well as an oil pipeline (the author does not agree with the view that the BAM would replace earlier plans for a Trans-Siberian pipeline). The third stage would include a gas pipeline from the Yakutian fields to the coast; it is recommended that the gas line follow the alignment of the new railroads. No specific time frame is attached to the proposed three development stages.     

Ways of Combining the Economy of the Indigenous Peoples of the North with New Economic Activities in Pioneering Areas

Integrated development of the pioneering areas of northern Siberia requires that the economy of the indigenous population be combined with the new mining industries. In the early stages of development this was achieved by hiring out reindeer as draft and pack animals to geological and other survey parties in remote areas. With the development of modern transportation, the reindeer economy should be reoriented from its past exclusive transport functions to the production of meat and hides for a growing urban population in the new mining settlements.     

基于可达性的县域医疗服务均等化分析——以湖北省松滋市为例

中国县域城乡和不同乡镇之间的发展存在较大差异,在卫生领域表现尤为突出。在偏远农区,医疗资源短缺、卫生服务落后和健康保障缺位现象普遍存在。本文以湖北省松滋市为研究区域,以包括行政村和居委会的聚落点为基本研究单元,将可达性分析与聚类分析相结合,评估并表达不同区域医疗服务均等化水平并探讨相关公共政策。结果表明:(1)在县域尺度,医疗服务均等化水平空间差异明显,呈现出中心城区向周边递减的情况;(2)医疗服务均等化水平与经济发展水平分布格局上存在空间同型特征;(3)聚落中心、交通沿线可达性较高,而交通的改善会显著降低空间阻抗系数,促进均等化进程。     

西方现代劳动力地理学研究进展及对中国研究的意义

劳动力地理学研究有助于理解全球化背景下劳动力作为当前国际国内经济转型和产业区位的一个重要因素及其发生作用的内在机制,对指导劳动力市场调节、促进地方劳动力市场发展具有重要意义。本文总结了国外劳动力地理学理论研究的起源,认为其理论演变经历了由新古典经济地理学区位理论,到马克思主义新经济地理理论,到近年来"文化、制度转向"的劳动力市场地理发展历程。介绍了近年来地方化劳动力市场地理理论和实证研究领域,及其对产业空间组织的影响等方面所取得的最新进展。在对当前的研究进行评述的基础上,指出不足和未来方向。与西方学术界相比,我国相关理论研究较为欠缺,尤其是文化、制度等因素对我国劳动力市场影响的研究有待进一步加强。     

Aggregate Rent and Surplus Measurement in a von Thünen Model

While theoreticians continue to debate the appropriateness of surplus measurement in a von Thünen crop model, examples of practitioners appealing to such measures can be found. This paper shows that the well known equivalence between aggregate location rent and producers' surplus, extends to the case of a nonhomogeneous transportation system. Specifically a transportation route running through the region improves access to the town and encourages an extension of the production region. Results in the paper show the equilibrium price for the crop (as a function of the quality of the improved route); an equivalence between aggregate rent and the surplus accruing to crop producers; and the existence of an area within which crop production is cut back after the transport route is opened.     

西方地理学界关于生产性服务业作用研究述评

生产性服务业是目前西方大部分服务业体系中对国民经济作用最显著的部分,20世纪70年代以来,西方学者关于生产性服务业作用的研究日益增加。总括而言,西方地理学者对生产性服务业作用的研究主要从四个方面进行:生产性服务业对城市与区域整体发展的作用、对地区的制造业发展的作用、对地区其他服务业发展的作用,以及对城市等级序列重构的作用。其中,主要是从产业的内在功能和布局两个角度研究生产性服务业的作用。