The Regular Component in Settlement Patterns as Shown on a Map

The author uses the concept of entropy from information theory to test the application of Christaller's hexagonal trade-area concept to actual settlement patterns. The entropy measure is used to separate the settlement pattern into its hexagonal and random components, just as incoming radio signals would be separated into the original outgoing signals and noise interference. Medvedkov derives formulas for two methods, one using the density of points within cells of a lattice, the other using the nearest-neighbor technique. The entropy approach is tested in seven actual situations, including three control situations, and shows the regular, or hexagonal, pattern to be the predominant component in five out of seven cases.     

A Small-Scale Map of Rural Settlement in the USSR

The methods used in mapping two versions of a map of rural settlement of the USSR are described. Both versions use 17 basic economic types of settlement as suggested by rural settlement patterns shown on topographic sheets. The first version, which includes in the typology additional indicators such as density and size of places, yields a highly complex map legend and reduces map legibility. The second version simplifies and generalizes the settlement patterns by the proportional plotting of settlement symbols against a shaded or tinted background representing the 17 basic economic types.     

A Study of the Potential of Deciduous Incisor Wear as an Indicator of Weaning Using a Human Skeletal Population

The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of wear on the earliest erupting teeth, the deciduous central incisors, for studying weaning in human skeletal populations. The study group is from mediaeval Wharram Percy, where existing δ¹⁵N data indicate cessation of breastfeeding occurred by about 24 months post‐partum. The hypothesis tested is that there should be an increase in dental wear as breast milk is replaced with solid foods during weaning. Incisor wear is monitored using crown heights, measured from photographs using image analysis. Results provide little evidence for alteration in incisor wear rates with the attenuation of breastfeeding, perhaps because abrasive foods were used as supplements well before breastfeeding declined. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Settlement Dimensions of the Vietnam-Born Population in Metropolitan Sydney

Australia has the largest Indochinese population per capita in the world, and Sydney supported sizeable populations from Vietnam in 1986. These populations became socially visible because of physical characteristics and clustering and have generated the response by some commentators that ghettos are forming. This paper examines the extent of residential concentration of Vietnamese-bom population in Sydney and changes over time in the distribution of settlement with reference to new immigration and internal migration. Gravitation group migration has reinforced concentration, but the result has not been ghettos, although there have been specific local problems of unemployment and housing access which may constrain residential mobility for some time. Manufacturing and residential restructuring have affected unemployment and have constrained dispersion. Institutional factors have reinforced concentration. Some residential mobility will be required for entry into a diversity of labour markets, if unemployment is to be reduced in the context of the restructuring of manufacturing production.     

临汾龙山文化陶寺类型聚落群研究

临汾辖区陶寺类型遗址有二百多处,经研究,在龙山文化时期,陶寺类型文化的主人,控制了临汾盆地。从整体看,其聚落群的组合多为金字塔模式,反映了当时社会的表象。其文化特征是完全统一的,反映了人们在统一的礼制规范下进行生产、生活,是同一个族团。陶寺城址是这个庞大族团政治、经济、文化的核心,是这个族团的国都。陶寺古城前期的主人是帝喾,后期的主人是帝尧。     

日照两城地区聚落考古:人口问题

作者强调了聚落形态考古在古代人口估测中的重要性。然后根据山东日照两城镇地区系统性调查资料 ,论述了从史前到汉代不同时期的人口密度和数量。     

Population Estimates from Settlement Area and Number of Residences

Abstract

Using modern data from the Lake Patzcuaro Basin in Mexico, the author evaluates in this paper the correlations between settlement areas and populations in order to assess the possibilities of estimating the size of prehistoric populations on the basis of the extent of occupation areas. The relationship between number of residences and population is similarly explored. Predictions within the defined categories are accurate in nearly two-thirds of the cases. This result suggests that the method has some value for estimating populations in archaeological situations where the required continuity of patterns of residence assures the relevance of historical data.     

英国皇家地理学会所藏上海开埠早期英租界地图考释

英国皇家地理学会收藏的一张开埠早期上海英租界的地图没有标注绘制时间。一种观点认为,该地图绘制于1846—1847年,另一种认为绘制于1844—1847年。两种观点均属推测。根据地图上的信息,结合当时英租界的测绘情况,可以推出该地图大致绘制于1846年10月1—19日。该地图为目前所见近代上海英租界最早的一幅城市地图,为早期上海英租界城市发展史提供了有力证据,并弥补了《上海道契》记载的不足,具有十分重要的史料价值。     

Marketing as Diffusion in a Single Population

The paper examines the optimal advertising policy for a profit-maximizing firm in a single market area. The results are first derived for a spaceless market, indicating the steady-state equilibrium advertising policy and market size. The model is then extended to account for the costs of overcoming distance. It is shown that there is an outward limit to marketing, and that this distance is dependent on the market price and retirement rate of the good and the interest rate. The minimal price necessary for covering any given distance is derived, along with the minimal advertising effort necessary to reach the steady-state market size. It is shown that the steady-state market size, advertising policy, and switching time are all monotonic functions of distance.     

玛雅低地的聚落形态

聚落考古是当代考古学的基本方法之一,戈登·R.·威利就是这一方法的鼻祖。他自1950年代在秘鲁维鲁河谷的开拓性工作被公认为聚落考古的一座里程碑。之后,威利又做了大量这方面的研究,为这种方法的成熟和完善做出了巨大的贡献。其中,玛雅低地的聚落形态研究就是威利的经典案例之一。在这篇文章中威利主要探讨了通过玛雅低地聚落形态研究其政治、经济问题的一些方法与途径,并结合玛雅象形文字资料,得出了对古代玛雅社会一些迥然不同于以往的新认识,并由此深刻反思了聚落考古方法的优势和局限性。本文的研究方法以及所提出的一些问题对于今天方兴未艾的中国聚落考古研究有着深刻的启示:聚落考古对于文明起源与农业起源这些战略性课题的研究有何重大意义?如何全面看待聚落考古方法本身?如何使调查资料与其它资料结合?,这些都是非常值得我们重视、思考和借鉴的问题。     

Settlement and Population Trends in the Basin of Mexico (Ixtapaluca and Zacatenco Phases)

Abstract

The geographic distribution and environmental setting of 90 sites in the Basin of Mexico dating from between 1200 B.C. and 425 B.C. (radiocarbon time) are examined within the framework of a refined chronology developed from excavated materials and applied to surface collections. Inferences are drawn relating to agricultural practices and population trends through time, and limitations affecting such inferences are discussed.     

聚落考古综述

聚落考古研究的探索开始于20世纪30年代,进入20世纪80年代随着考古资料的极大丰富和外国考古学理论与方法的引入,聚落考古研究逐渐深入。本文在总结以往研究成果的基础上,对聚落考古的定义和内容提出了一些粗浅的看法。作为一种考古学方法,聚落考古应该加强对于人和自然环境的研究。与此同时,还必须加强聚落考古资料共时性的确定。     

Tobacco's Tipping Point: The Master Settlement Agreement as a Focusing Event

Focusing events have been widely referenced in policy studies literature as important drivers of major policy change. In multiple streams theory, punctuated equilibrium theory, and the advocacy coalition framework, they play a prominent role in explaining how major changes occur. Nearly all existing research, however, has focused on the very large and catastrophic events that catapult otherwise obscure issues onto the agenda, to the neglect of focusing events that may perform other functions. This article examines one such event: the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) between the tobacco industry and the states signed in 1998. I observe that although the MSA focused substantial attention on the topic of tobacco regulation, produced major policy change, and shifted the policy image of the domain, it was not a typical focusing event. Drawing from the tipping point theories of Sociology and Malcolm Gladwell's The Tipping Point , I expand a theoretical distinction articulated by Baumgartner and Jones between "triggering" events and "consolidating" or "tipping" events to resolve this discrepancy.     

Survey,Settlement, and Population History at the Ancient Maya Site of Pacbitun,Belize

Abstract

Survey and excavations of mounds on the outskirts of the site of Pacbitun in western Belize provide insights into the ancient Maya settlement pattern at this medium-sized regional center. This research employed two methods: analysis of structural remains from four separate 1000 m transect surveys,and a subsequent complete (100%) survey of intervening and adjacent quadrant areas. The overlap of quadrant zones with portions of the transect units permits an examination of the accuracy of transect surveys. Excavation of a 22% sample of all identified mounds provides chronological and functional information. An estimate of 200 persons for the resident elite population of the Epicenter of Pacbit un is offered. Initial settlement occurred in the Epicenter of the site during the Middle Preclassic period (900–300 B.C.), with a population rise through time until the final phase of the Late Classic period (A.D. 700–900), when density reached 550 persons (periphery Zone) to 950 persons (Core Zone) per sq km. The impact on settlement size and distribution of topography, soils,water resources,and intensive agriculture (hillside terracing) is assessed and found to be significant. At the time of florescence,the population of the 9 sq km site is estimated to have been about 5000–6000 persons. This population estimate is compared with several coeval lowland Maya centers,and found to be reasonable for a medium-sized, Late Classic Maya center.     

Lapp Cairns as a Source on Metal Period Settlement in the Inland Regions of Finland 1

This article presents an overview of the history of research of the so-called Lapp cairns. On the basis of the limited find material from these cairns, they are assumed to be from the archaeologically poor Iron Age period of the Finnish inland regions. The situation is similar throughout large wilderness areas in northern Europe, and in Norway it has sometimes been called the "findless period" ( den funntomme perioden ). Six so-called Lapp cairns excavated in central Finland in the 1980s and 1990s are discussed in detail. Three of the cairns contained sufficient amounts of burnt bone for testing the new AMS dating method of burnt bone based on crystalline carbonate on Finnish material. As far as is known, these are the first datings of burnt bone in the Finnish material. The oldest Lapp cairn, cairn no. 1 at Pyykkisaari in Viitasaari, is from the end of the Stone Age, and the other two are from the Early Metal Period. This article briefly discusses problems related to defining Lapp cairns, their age and function. The early dating of the Lapp cairns gives new topicality to the prevailing conception that the Lapp cairns resulted from the influence of the cairns of the coastal Bronze Age. The burnt bone from the oldest cairn included the remains of seal. It is possible that these fragments of bone represent relict ringed seal that lived in Lake Keitele in the past.     

赵宝沟聚落结构的微观考察

赵宝沟文化是新石器时代晚期分布在东北地区西南部的一支考古学文化。上世纪80年代末方始命名,其独特的文化面貌,丰富了辽西地区新石器文化的内涵。也为该区文化谱系的建立提出了新的课题。因赵宝沟文化确立时间相对较短。调查发掘的遗址也相对较少,故学术界对其文化的     

The Future of Disability Policy as a Field of Research

Although the opportunities for research in disability policy are increasing, they remain considerably fewer than in adjacent areas, notably in policy for health, social services, and education. This article explores the new salience of research on disability policy, describes why its importance is likely to increase, and then explores some issues that reveal the under development of the field.     

The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia

An American specialist on urbanization and population dynamics in the countries of the former Soviet Union examines changes in Ukraine's population revealed by analysis of that country's first post-Soviet census (2001). Among the more salient developments examined in this second-largest post-Soviet republic are extremely high rates of natural population decrease among Ukrainians and Russians alike, a substantial exodus of ethnic Russians from Ukraine (and in some cases their ethnic re-identification as Ukrainians) with major implications for nationality distribution both at the national and regional levels, and interesting trends involving other minority nationalities such as (Crimean) Tatars, Armenians, and Jews. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O18, R23. 3 figures, 7 tables, 25 references.