关于我国环境税收法制建设的思考

随着我国经济发展步伐的加快,环境污染问题也日益严重,而我国现行环境税费制度存在较多问题,不能很好地起到防治污染、保护环境的作用。本文在分析我国设立环境税的价值基础上,探讨了我国环境税收方面存在的诸多问题并提出相关法律对策。     

发达国家和发展中国家不同的贸易地位引发的贸易与环境问题分析

本文在对发达国家和发展中国家的贸易环境观进行比较分析的基础上,指出绿色贸易壁垒是发达国家在贸易活动中进行环境保护的主要手段。发达国家的贸易环境保护引发了一系列的环境问题,而发展中国家却遭受了许多不平等待遇。发展中国家应采取积极措施,协调贸易与环境保护问题。     

Social and Political Dimensions of Environmental Protection in Central America

This study takes a critical look at mainstream efforts to protect and rehabilitate the environment in Central America. Despite some notable successes, many forest protection and tree planting schemes have not been effectively implemented and have even contributed to further environmental degradation, social inequality and impoverishment. It is argued that the trade-off between environmental protection and human welfare which characterizes many schemes to protect forests and promote tree planting undermines not only local livelihoods but also the possibility of achieving basic environmental objectives, given the nature of local responses and their effects on project implementation. There is a need for a more integrative and socially-aware approach to environmental planning which addresses two fundamental problems: the failure to locate environmental protection initiatives within a broader development framework and the failure to integrate concerns for environmental protection with the needs and rights of local people. Addressing these two problems of ‘macro-’ and ‘micro-coherency’ in environmental planning requires not only dealing with the many technical, administrative and financial constraints which typically characterize environmental programmes and projects, but also changes in the balance of social forces.     

贵州省的城市生态环境问题

本文以贵阳等九座城市为例,从城市的自然环境和人类活动影响两方面,探讨贵州城市的生态,环境问题,以及协调人地矛盾的主要对策。全文分为以下三大部分:首先探讨城市的自然环境特征,说明贵州城市的形态结构,水土资源及城市扩展均受"喀斯特"环境的制约,其生态环境极为脆弱。表现在水土资源贫乏,平地少又很分散,地形封闭,旱涝和地貌灾害频繁等。第二论述城市的生态环境问题:以煤烟性空气污染,水体有机污染和交通噪声污染为主。SO₂的污染极为严重,酸雨污染,城市河段及湖(库)污染普遍存在;4/5的城市交通噪声超过国家标准;1/2城市区域环境噪声污染严重。最后提出重建城市生态环境的主要对策。     

Environmental attitudes,environmental problems and party choice. A large-N comparative study

This study investigates the relationship between environmental attitudes and the ‘greenness’ of party choice, moderated by exposure to environmental problems such as the incidence of natural disasters and poor air quality. The ‘greenness’ of party choice is operationalised as the share of environmental policy in the parties' election manifestos. Voting for greener parties is especially important for environmental protection because greener votes are the keys to national, and eventually, global action mitigating the effects of environmental degradation. The analysis relies on the European Social Survey, the World Values Survey, the Manifesto Project Dataset, the EM-DAT dataset, as well as World Bank data, and covers 139 surveys in 38 countries between 1995 and 2016. Multilevel linear models reveal that voters with greener attitudes chose greener parties, as expected. At the same time, exposure to country-level environmental problems decreases the effect of these attitudes by significantly increasing the green vote cast by citizens not particularly concerned with the environment. It seems that non-environmental attitudes are substituted by environmental problems in increasing the ‘greenness’ of the vote. When people meet bad environmental conditions, they are more willing to take environmental action irrespective of their prior attitudes towards environment protection. This foreshadows an increasing overall emphasis on environmental issues in national party politics as more and more countries are facing the dire consequences of a degrading environment.     

环境管制措施对区域环境与贸易的约束效应

环境管制是指各国在国际贸易中为了实现环境与贸易的协调关系,以环保为目的而采取的贸易限制措施,主要包括课征环境进口附加税、限制或禁止进出口、推行国内加工和生产方法、实行环境标志制度、政府环境补贴等5种类型。本文总结了在全球化背景下环境管制措施产生的原因及施行内容,在此基础上就其对区域环境与贸易的约束效应做了分析,旨在为我国突破"绿色壁垒"提供警示和借鉴。     

我国环境税立法的经济学分析

随着我国在世界经济一体化格局中的地位不断的提高,如何合理利用资源、保护环境成为我国在发展经济过程中急需解决的问题。本文认为,环境税在我国的开征已经具备一定的条件,应该成为我国今后一个时期税收制度完善的重要方面,并在适当的时候出台环境税法,使我国的环境保护工作进入一个有法可依的时代。     

从《气候变化框架公约》进展看当前国际环境关系

自1992年联合国环境与发展大会缔结了为气候变化问题上的全球合作提供法律框架的《气候变化框架公约》以来,国际上已经历六次缔约方大会。虽然1997年其第三次缔约方会议签订了具有削减温室气体排放数量和时间限制具体目标的《京都议定书》,取得了该领域的一个关键性进展,但最近在荷兰海牙召开的旨在就《京都协定书》的目标与措施达成具体协议的第六次缔约方会议却以失败而告终。纵观国际社会在《气候变化框架公约》问题上的后续行动进展,可以充分看出当前的国际环境关系具有环境问题政治化、环境关系复杂化、环境合作艰难化以及环境斗争激烈化的特点。这使中国今后在环境与发展的问题上将面临更加严峻的挑战,为此必须尽早采取有效对策。     

中日环境合作现状与吉林省经济可持续发展对策研究

经济的可持续发展和环境保护是当今时代的两大热点问题,环境问题的国际化已把整个人类置于全球环境的摆布之中。中日两国随着推进经济可持续发展的加强,对环境问题也越来越重视,并有了相互合作的需要。本文分析吉林省同日本的环境合作及其存在的问题,提出我省积极发展扩大同日本环境合作的对策建议,以促进吉林省经济可持续发展。     

从“三废”利用到污染治理:新中国环保事业的起步

1973年第一次全国环境保护会议是新中国环保事业起步的标志。因环境污染主要是"三废"造成的,故环境保护的重点首先集中于"三废"综合利用,党和政府提出了"三十二字"方针,出台了"三同时"政策。随着对环境保护概念理解的深化,环境保护工作的重点开始从环境污染治理转向环境管理,进而转向自然环境保护。环境治理模式从单纯的行政手段,逐步转变为立法、经济、行政等多种手段并行,而以立法手段为主。把宣传教育同追究行政责任、经济责任直至刑事责任结合起来,成为一条行之有效的经验。治理环境污染经历了从治标到治本、从"三废"利用到环境保护的变化。这种变化,是由于环境逐渐恶化及污染日益严重的状况引起的,因此要求必须对环境保护进行全国性的总体规划,使环保工作计划化、制度化和法律化。     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE YEREVAN REGION

The articles describes the extent of environmental pollution in Greater Yerevan (pollution of air, water, and soil, noise pollution). Conflicts of nature management are revealed, the state of the environment is analyzed, and measures for resolving environmental protection are outlined. Among the interesting revelations are the fact that pollution from chloroprene rubber production in the city remains a major problem, in spite of the fact that production has switched from a calcium carbide-based to a butadiene-based technology and that nearly half of the basin's rayons (5 of 11) are reported to lack wastewater treatment facilities. Translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005 from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 1, pp. 55-65.     

经济全球化的环境困境寻根

经济全球化就其实质而言是全球利益和资源的重新分配,发达国家追求全球扩张以及寻求释放外部性成本空间的欲望,发展中国家参与全球竞争以及谋求生存与发展的压力,加速了各国对自然资源的竞争和利用,也使越界负外部性日益增加,全球环境更加恶化并陷入困境。而越界污染的无主治理、发达国家的言行不一、发展中国家的无能为力和两类国家的矛盾冲突是全球环境困境的主要根源。因此,正视现实、寻求合作、遏制贪欲、各执其责是人类面临的现实选择。     

Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Canadian Perspective

In light of the increasing number of environmental problems necessitating government's attention and the limited scope and budget for addressing these issues, environmental protection has, and continues to evolve as more flexible approaches to regulation are being sought and embraced by governments throughout the world. Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) are a pragmatic response by both governments and business to find a more flexible way to protect the environment. We discuss the theoretical motivations for firms to adopt VEPs in general and examine Canada's experience with three types of VEPs, public, negotiated, and unilateral agreements, to assess whether the motivating factors are present. We then argue that the institutional, political, and regulatory framework governing environmental policy in Canada does not provide the conditions necessary to effectively promote superior corporate environmental protection across jurisdictions. Despite the lack of government‐directed VEPs, there has been considerable interest by both the private sector and civil society who have taken the lead by developing unilateral agreements. Using existing literature and our current research, we examine the factors that motivate firms in Canada to participate in unilateral agreements and the characteristics of firms with the higher environmental performance and suggest some policy implications.     

生计与风水:清代湘南地区的矿业开发与生态环境

湘南地区毗邻赣、粤、桂三省,地理位置特殊,是一个复杂的地理单元。及至清代,湘南地区已是湖南省乃至全国铜、铅、银等矿业生产的主要区域。长达数百年的矿产开采与冶炼,促进了地方社会的经济发展,也给当地的生态环境带来深远影响。由此,湘南官绅民各界对矿业开发引发的环境问题亦有因应,“坑冶十害论”和“九嶷山封禁案”即为其集中体现。开矿采砂本为解决贫民生计而采取的措施,但因破坏风水、污染水土等一系列影响环境的后果,以致出现开矿与禁矿之争,使得湘南地区矿业开发一度出现波折。这两例个案亦折射出在“重本抑末”的传统社会中地方官绅士民在生计与风水之间的离合关系。地方社会以保护风水为由严禁矿冶,在一定程度上遏止了生态环境的破坏与恶化,不过,其在环保方面发挥的作用也不宜被高估。     

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION IN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES

The basic elements of geographic education in American universities are considered, including the number of geography departments, number of students specializing in geography, and the number of teachers. The teacher-to-student ratio, the nature of geographic specialization, and some features of the educational process are outlined, using the Department of Geography of the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign as an example. Some new trends in the development of American geography are brought out, such as the growing interest in physical geography and in research on domestic matters, and a greater emphasis on applied geography. (The translation is by R. Bruce Wood, University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign.)     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROBLEMS AND THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEXES IN DEVELOPED REGIONS: THE KMA

Present and anticipated future environmental problems associated with past and projected development of the iron ore resources of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) (the most rapidly expanding production basin in the USSR) are outlined. The area's environmental problems recently have become a major concern, as a result of a heavy emphasis on accelerating production from surface mines in the basin, with few resources being allocated for land reclamation and pollution control activities (see Soviet Geography, November 1986, pp. 679-682 and May 1988, p. 537). Major attention is given to identifying development strategies mitigating further environmental disruption and experimentation with promising land reclamation and pollution control measures (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

植物对岩土文物的作用及保护技术研究进展

由于人工-自然复合生态系统的不稳定性及保存环境的复杂性，岩土文物长期遭受着生物与非生物因素的威胁，其中，植物对遗址的作用及其保护应用技术一直备受关注。对相关研究成果总结表明，基于植物的新型遗址防护技术以其绿色、可持续和环境兼容等优势在石质古城墙、夯土类遗址等的保护中逐渐成为替代工程类抢救性保护措施，但存在植物对岩土文物作用机理认知不足、研究技术受限、防控新技术应用滞后及其效果不佳、保护遗址植物选种及后期维护较难等问题，致使植物与岩土文物间的辩证关系至今界定不清，极大限制了保护技术的研发。结合我国石窟寺、土遗址保护面临的生物学问题，针对植物保护遗址技术实施的限制因素，作出以下展望：1)厘清植物对岩土文物的损害及保护作用机理；2)构建不同环境下界定植物对岩土文物正负效应的科学评估体系；3)明确植物种内和种间的相互作用以及驱动植物在岩土文物表面建植的关键因子；4)结合全球气候变化，研发岩土文物有害植物的精准防控技术；5)筛选适宜的软覆盖植物种并对其防护效果进行评估；6)研发基于BSC的软覆盖技术，开展环境适应性和保护效果评估。     

Determinism and Indeterminism in Foreign Geography. Part II

The controversy between the environmentalists and the possibilists and the schools of cultural determinism, social determinism and indeterminism in West European and American geography are reviewed. The shift away from geographical determinism is viewed as not being necessarily a positive development in geography because it has led to a gradual strengthening of indeterminist tendencies with their associated disregard for physical geographical factors. When viewed in the historical context, geographical determinism is found to have shifted significantly from the extreme views of Ellen Semple and Ellsworth Huntington to a more pragmatically oriented view of the environmental impact on problems of economic development, i.e. from historical-sociological explanations to problems in applied geography. Even if the modern determinists tend to exaggerate the significance of the physical environment in some cases, this is still viewed as the lesser evil compared with an underestimation of environmental factors.     

物质主义、环保意识与快时尚品牌的消费逻辑

时尚与品牌消费是地理学的重要领域之一。物质主义和环保意识是快时尚消费领域的一对矛盾,也是影响中国消费者时尚消费的两大逻辑。采用问卷调查和结构方程模型,探讨消费者的物质主义与环保意识对快时尚品牌认同及消费行为意向的影响,发现：第一,受支付能力的局限,物质主义是国际快时尚品牌认同与消费逻辑的最重要因素;第二,消费者环保意识越强,其品牌认同和消费行为意向越高;第三,品牌认同程度对环保意识与品牌消费行为意向的中介作用不显著。可以认为,在物质主义和环保意识冲突的背景下,追求环保的时尚是个伪命题。研究发现可引导消费者理性消费,也有助于我国快时尚企业采取应对消费趋势变化的有效举措。