试论布罗代尔的历史比较思想——以初版《菲利普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界》为讨论中心

<菲利普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界>是布罗代尔的代表作之一.为了契合布罗代尔的地中海模式,作者几次修改这部著作,改动最大的当属1966年第2版,其中删除了1949年初版时带有地理决定论的内容.对比法文1949年与1966年版,特别是从删除的"结论:地理史与决定论"中,我们可以看出,布罗代尔不仅表达了历史学是一项科学的事业的理念,而且从四个方面即不同时间和空间、不同时间相同空间、相同时间不同空间以及唤起回忆等阐释了一种历史比较思想.这种历史比较思想为其后来的整个史学思想搭建了一种带有社会决定论的框架.     

布罗代尔的“经济世界”与沃勒斯坦的“世界经济”

法国史家布罗代尔在《菲利普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界》一书中阐明了"经济世界"概念的内涵和外延,它们对世界经济体系理论产生了重要影响。美国史家沃勒斯坦则在其"世界经济"理论中重点揭示了世界经济与资本主义的相伴相生关系。本文认为,两位学者的论说在观念上的差异体现在一与多之争,以及看待市场、国家与资本主义的关系等问题的分歧上,同时指出,历史比较研究不仅对于理解世界历史进程有着重要的意义,还有利于深入理解当代全球化中民族经济的作用。     

理性、保守主义与历史学家的责任--初论布罗代尔史学思想及其实践效应

法兰西学士院院士费尔南·布罗代尔 (Fernand Braudel,190 2— 1985 )是法国年鉴学派第二代领袖。其主要论著有 :《地中海与菲利普二世时代的地中海世界》(以下简称《地中海》) 1、《15— 18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(以下简称《物质文明》)、《法兰西的特性》、《历史与社会科学 :长时段》(以下简称《长时段》) ,他还与拉布鲁斯 (Ernest L abrousse)共同主编了《法国经济与社会史》。布罗代尔提出的地理历史结构主义与历史时间的多元化思想 ,对整个社会科学的研究具有高度的启发性。然而 ,他的思想中包含的保守主义成分招致了人…     

The volcanic eruption of Thera and its effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations

Since Professor Sp. Marinatos linked the eruption of Thera with the destruction of Cretan sites, difficulties have been met in reconciling the dates of the two incidents which, based on pottery, were c. 1520 BC and 1450 BC, respectively, giving a “time gap” of 70 years. None of the mechanisms proposed for the Cretan site destructions-tsunamis, ash fallout, earthquakes, civil disturbances or invasion can be reconciled with the magnitude of the simultaneous site destructions. Therefore, an alternative theory is proposed that the Cretan holocaust was caused by “nuées ardentes” emanating from Thera. It is postulated that these were released through a “split” in the cone wall, of limited area, generating a high velocity jet of tephra fluidized in a red hot gas stream. Such a jet is immensely destructive and lethal, causing death by pulmonary oedema. The shape (like a blowtorch) and course of the ash fallout, as measured by deep sea cores, shows that these nuées ardentes passed over the eastern part of Crete, causing severe destruction and depopulation. The geological record confirms that tephra deposits from such Peléan eruptions have travelled for 160km, or more, and that normally the main eruption is preceded by a preliminary one of lesser intensity, with a time gap ranging from 51 to 203 years. Settlements on or at the base of the volcano would have been abandoned at the time of the preliminary eruption/earthquakes (c. 1520 BC). A time gap of 70 years would be reasonable, fitting with the Cretan catastrophe around 1450 BC. In the meantime, reoccupation had commenced, but was terminated by the final eruption. Apparently, Knossos on the periphery of the blast was severely damaged by fire (possibly again in LM II) and rebuilt, being finally destroyed in late LM IIIB. During this time span some “blurring” of pottery dating may be attributed to recovery and use of pottery “heirlooms”. The nuée ardente theory explains the simultaneous destruction of sites by fire and blast, the Cretan depopulation, as well as the time gap. In general ¹⁴C results confirm the dates proposed. So far tephra deposits have not been identified on Crete itself, but grains of it have been found at Pyrgos. It is suggested that cores from lake bottoms should be examined for the area, and that Cretan soil samples should be checked for tephra particles by employing the flotation technique, used in mining, for separating them.     

红山文化与西辽河流域文明起源的模式与特征

在探索中国文明起源的大背景中,西辽河流域的文明起源因为20世纪80年代初以来红山文化的系列重大考古发现和研究的深入而得到学术界的广泛关注,围绕红山文化是否进入文明时代这一主题展开了热烈的讨论.本文在已有考古发现和研究成果的基础上,对西辽河流域文明起源的模式与特征进行回顾与探索,进一步明确西辽河流域的文明起源在整个中国文明起源总体进程中所占的地位和作用.     

试论戴震的语法修辞成就

戴震是乾嘉时期最著名的考据学家,在中国语言文字学史上有着重要的地位。学术界对其音韵学说和反程朱理学思想讨论较多,但对他的语法修辞观则因材料分散,注意者很少。实际上,戴氏关于汉语语法修辞方面的观点与实践,在语法学和修辞学发展史上都具有一定影响。     

THE TIBETAN VILLAGE OF NORTH WEST YUNNAN-a basic grammar of local authenticity

This work is the result of a journey in North West Yunnan. The European architects try to identify and explain which the main characters of local authentic architecture are, and to define a basic grammar. Observing the ongoing trends of change, they make comments and give some basic personal suggestions about architectural conservation. Authenticity is not an absolute idea and it should be clear that the following observations come from a European conservationist point of view. The document is written in the perspective of promoting a conservation oriented to tourism development in the area.     

The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek,Etruscan and Roman civilizations 1. The Greeks before the archaic period

This paper is the first of four parts dealing with the composition of copper alloys used in the classical world. In this paper there is a discussion of previous analytical work and the use to which the analytical data may be put.For published compositional analyses to be of use it is essential that details of the sampling, analytical procedure and standard deviation of the results be reported. The reasons for this are discussed in detail with examples from literature where failure to do this has made the interpretation of the reported analytical results difficult if not impossible.In this part of the work the composition of about 300 Bronze Age and Geometric Greek bronzes are reported. The data are arranged chronologically within broad limits, and further subdivided typologically. There is a discussion of the results of each group from which it is possible to discern trends in metal composition. The composition of individual objects is also discussed where it is of importance or unusual.     

二十世纪甲骨文语法研究的回顾暨展望

本把一百多年来的甲骨语法研究史分为四个阶段,从研究成果、学术背景、研究领域、研究热点、研究人员、研究材料、研究方法等方面对二十世纪的甲骨语法学研究做了回顾,并对新世纪的甲骨语法研究进行了展望。     

清初文人画家宋骏业生年之发现

清初文人画家宋骏业向来不为绘画研究者所重视,只因其曾于康熙三十年（1691年）奉命而举荐王翚（1632-1717年）主绘《康熙南巡图》、康熙四十四年（1705年）与孙岳颁（1639-1708年）主编《佩文斋书画谱》、康熙五十二年（1713年）与王原祁（1642-1915年）先后主持《万寿盛典图》而进入绘画史的视野,故其生平资料现存甚少。《清史稿》将宋骏业小传附于乃父《宋德宜传》之后,曰：子骏业,自副贡授翰林院待诏,直御书处,历兵科给事中。康熙四十一年,     

居廉水墨杂花册鉴考

"居古泉先生是承前启后一位大师,岭南三家初得新技法,合居氏画风影响创出新国画。此册是居氏神来之笔。虽未署款,审定为晚年精品无疑。吾曾见居氏花鸟册不下十余件,但未有及此者,近兄以重金购藏,可宝也。壬申五月、善深。"这是岭南画派第二代传人杨善深先生在居廉《水墨杂花册》中的     

The Work of the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1958

The author defines satellites primarily on the basis of their commuting links with the central city or cities. He discusses characteristics of satellite cities and towns and their functions, trends in the development and location of satellites, and recommendations for Soviet city planning. In the following translation, the Russian term gorod has been translated as city, and poselok gorodskogo tipa (urban-type settlement) as town.