路易十四派遣“皇家数学家”传教士来华的背景

17世纪,葡萄牙国力日渐衰败,令其无法再从经济上支持传教士的东方拓展之旅,这不仅让罗马教廷颇为不满,而且让欧洲新崛起的法国看到了一个取而代之的机会。当时法国遇到的障碍主要有两个,一是葡萄牙所拥有的保教权;二是罗马教廷所要求的宣誓问题。但是,法国政治、科学和宗教的发展需求,加之暹罗使团的突然来访,让路易十四最终决定派遣有皇家科学院通讯院士之称的耶稣会士跟随暹罗使团前往东方。这些耶稣会士便是在中法交流史上赫赫有名的"皇家数学家"。     

清代北京的朝鲜使馆

历史上 ,朝鲜与中国是地理位置最接近、关系最密切的邻邦。清代 ,朝鲜派往中国的官方使团络绎不绝。清入关前 ,朝鲜定期派遣冬至、正朝、圣节、岁币 (亦称年贡 )等四行 ,清顺治二年 (1 645) ,此四行并为冬至使。此外 ,还有谢恩、奏请、辩诬、陈奏、进贺、问安、进香、告讣等多种名目。① 派遣使团 ,是朝鲜人员往来清朝的唯一渠道 ,主要使臣是正使、副使和书状官 ,称为“三使”。绝大部分随员都是公务人员 ,但也有少数具有一定身份的知识人由于与三使有特殊关系参加使团 ,以私人参观访问为目的 ,并不担负官方任务 ,比较出名的有 1 71 2年访华…     

康熙十七年葡萄牙献狮研究

康熙年间,葡萄牙为了使清廷解禁对澳门贸易的封锁政策,派遣使团向清廷进献狮子。当时的中国文人、官员对葡萄牙献狮事件进行了热烈的颂扬,并将葡萄牙献狮的意义提高到政治层面。但随着时间的推移,葡人献狮事件逐渐模糊起来,清代文人们开始以一种传统的文化想象来重新建构这一事件。在以后的清代文献记载中,献狮这一历史事件竟然变成传说、轶事而失其真,以致最终被湮没在历史的重重迷雾中。     

民族主义视野下的民初华侨回国参政

民国初年 ,经过激烈的讨论 ,海外华侨在中国取得了参政权 ,华侨在民国政府中从此具有自己的正式代表。华侨回国参政制度的产生代表中国政府正式承认华侨的国民身份 ,现代意义的、以中国国籍为特征的华侨正式产生。民初有关华侨回国参政的讨论 ,加速了近代民族国家的主权、国民等观念在中国社会的传播与推广 ,华侨对近代中国政治现代化的影响进一步加深。     

周代的交聘使者及使团

以使者为交聘媒介是周代交聘制度的重要特征之一,这时已经形成了一套从使者任命、使者职责、行为规范、使团组成,直至返国复命等比较完备的遣使制度.使者及使团其他成员的任命是根据其层级的高低由上而下分别由国君、"宰"及"有司"等三个层级进行任命和挑选.交聘使团由交聘使者、事务人员、武装警卫人员构成,三者分工明确,各司其职而又相互密切配合,协同完成交聘使命.其不仅在周代的交聘关系中发挥了重要作用,而且为日后汉唐时期乃至整个中国古代的交聘使节制度提供了蓝本.     

东亚视野下的渤海国医政与医师——以东亚相关史料比较为核心

关于渤海国医师的唯一文献记载见于日本史籍《类聚三代格》,而通过钩稽唐、日本及新罗等东亚地区相关史料进行比较,可以对渤海国的医政制度及医师情况做出如下推测:渤海国医师隶属于太常寺下辖的类似于太医署的机构;渤海国仿效唐朝建立了医学教育和管理体系;中原医籍已传入渤海国并成为医学主流;渤海国遣日使团中的医师主要作用是治疗患病的使团成员,而由于医师数量、医学水平等限制,医师没有成为渤海国遣日使团中的常设职位。     

俄罗斯华侨历史概述

从19世纪中期开始, 华侨问题就引起了俄罗斯政府和学者的注意。俄罗斯华侨见证并参与了远东地区的开发和十月革命, 而后又经历了国内战争、新经济政策、工业化、农业集体化、卫国战争等剧烈的社会动荡和变革。无数华侨为苏维埃政权的诞生、苏联社会主义建设以及抗击德国法西斯入侵奉献了自己的力量和生命。与此同时, 复杂多变的俄(苏) 中两国关系以及远东地区政治和军事局势对俄罗斯华侨的命运产生了种种不利影响。本文分1917年二月革命和十月革命之前、革命和国内战争期间以及苏联时期三个时期, 对19 世纪中期至20 世纪中期的俄罗斯华侨历史进行考察,以加强两国学者对俄罗斯华侨问题的了解和交流。     

开明专制论

18世纪中后期,欧洲大陆许多国家出现了一批“开明君主”,他们对衰朽腐败的封建制度进行自上而下的全面改革,这就是风行大半个欧洲达数十年之久的开明专制。推行开明专制的代表人物有:普鲁士国王弗里德里希二世(即腓特烈大帝)、奥地利女皇玛丽亚·特莱西亚和她的儿子约瑟夫二世皇帝、俄国女皇叶卡特琳娜二世,以及瑞典国王古斯塔夫三世和丹麦、西班牙、葡萄牙、     

1950—1957年我国华侨投资政策分析

论文梳理了1950—1957年间我国华侨投资政策逐步形成和发展的三个阶段,阐述了这一时期华侨投资政策的几个鲜明特点：明显的阶段性、服务于国内经济建设的大局、与争取侨汇的目标相一致以及尽可能顾及华侨的利益和意愿。在此基础上,论文对这一时期的华侨投资政策进行了评价,并对影响华侨投资政策制定的各种因素予以探讨,从其经验教训中获得对当今华侨投资政策的启示。     

许篈《荷谷先生朝天记》中“达子”考辨

许篈作为朝鲜圣节使团的书状官于万历二年(公元1574年)来华,在使行途中目睹了遭受"达子"焚荡的辽东诸堡、与遭受劫掠辽东人的交谈及返程途中亲历"达子"犯边的过程,深刻体会了万历初年的东北边疆危机。目前学界对"达子"身份存在分歧,本文拟通过对朝天记中的史料进行分析、考证,并确定"达子"的真正身份。     

Contact and Missionization at Tayasal,Petén,Guatemala

Abstract

Until their conquest by the Spanish in 1697, many Itza Maya occupied a large village at Tayasal, Petén, Guatemala. After the conquest, two missions were built there. The village and missions are located within 2 km of modern Flores, which was once Nojpetén, the Itza capital, and later the Spanish presidio (fortified administrative center). Our excavations uncovered the San Bernabé mission on the Tayasal peninsula and defined the Late Postclassic-period (a.d. 1400–1525) occupation of the site. San Bernabé was established in the early 18th century as part of Spanish efforts to control indigenous populations in Petén. Our research demonstrates that the Late Postclassic settlement was larger than indicated by previous research and supported a relatively large ceremonial architectural group. Evidence of indigenous practices was recovered from deposits within the mission, though many elements of Itza religion found in the Late Postclassic group were absent from the mission settlement. These data provide additional evidence of religious syncretism in colonial situations.     

《通雅》在汉语方言学史上的地位

方以智在《通雅》中比较全面地阐述了他的方言学理论,这些理论以今天的学术眼光来看,也基本上是正确的,其中一些观点还富有借鉴意义。《通雅》一书记载的明末的许多方言现象,是我们了解明末汉语方言差异的珍贵文献。方以智及其《通雅》在汉语方言学史上理应有一席之地。     

晚清教会医院慈善医疗演变述论

教会医院的慈善医疗是基督教在华慈善事业的重要组成部分。在晚清特殊的社会背景下,教会医院的慈善医疗经历了一个发展变化的过程。19世纪30—60年代,教会医院作为基督教适应中国社会的产物,从一开始即进行免费的慈善医疗,其经费依赖于外国,医学传教士是慈善医疗的主体。19世纪70—90年代,有的教会医院继续实行免费的慈善医疗,有的教会医院在收费制度下进行不同形式的慈善医疗,中国人对教会医院的资助开始增加,一些中国人在慈善医疗中发挥了一定的作用。20世纪初,实行收费制度是教会医院的通行办法,教会医院在此情况下进行了不同形式的慈善医疗,来自中国的经费日益增加,中国人在慈善医疗中发挥的作用不断增强。上述变化不仅是教会医院适应中国社会的产物,也是中国人对其态度变化的结果。     

留美幼童对近代中国的历史影响初析

近代中国首次大规模学习西方先进科技的幼童留美计划虽遭夭折,但留美幼童回国依然身体力行,影响和带动了中国继续向西方学习,他们的下一代也纷纷负笈海外,学有所成,甚至宋氏家族也受到留美幼童的重要影响;留美幼童还首倡了庚款留学,促成近代中国第二次大规模的留美运动,造就了一大批年轻有为、杰出优秀的科技人才,对近代中国的现代化进程影响深远.本文拟对留美幼童的上述历史影响作一初步探析.     

The Triumphant Equestrian

The life of the Ming scholar and Catholic convert Xu Guangqi 徐光啟 (1562–1633) drew unprecedented attention throughout China in the 19th and 20th centuries. Writers and public figures across China’s rapidly changing society praised Xu as an ideal model for modern Chinese citizens. This sudden celebrity may seem surprising, as Xu’s name had fallen into obscurity in the centuries following his death, and his life and works were only remembered by descendants and local people in his hometown of Shanghai. Why was Xu’s legacy revived three hundred years later, and what relevance did it actually have for Chinese society in the twilight of the Qing dynasty and the Republican period? This article tackles these questions by tracing the reestablishment and development of the new Jesuit mission in Shanghai since 1842. It investigates how the memory of Xu was recovered and reinserted in the public imagination of modern China.     

The Historical Tradition and Mission of Chinese Archaeology

Chinese President Xi Jinping, gave an important speech describing the great achievements and significance of Chinese archaeology, pointing out the way forward for the development of Chinese archaeology in the new era. By reviewing the century-long history of Chinese archaeology, its historical tradition and the mission of the times are distinctive. Since 1949, under the guidance of archaeological culture theory and regional systems and cultural types theory, Chinese archaeology has made a series of significant achievements and taken up the mission of the times in inheriting historical traditions and exploring major issues including the origins of Chinese civilization. The current development of Chinese archaeology should further the historical tradition of Chinese archaeology under the guidance of the spirit of Xi Jinping’s speech. From a longitudinal perspective, Chinese archaeology should strengthen the research on the origin of Chinese civilization and its characteristics, development trajectory, major landmark achievements, and the way of civilization inheritance after its formation, especially to strengthen the exploration of how the“5,000-year continuous unity” was formed after the unification of the Qin and Han dynasties. From a horizontal perspective, with the Belt and Road Initiative as the main thread, we should continue to strengthen archaeological research on cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, advocate mutual appreciation of civilizations, tell the Chinese story well, and contribute Chinese historical wisdom and experience to the world. On the whole, we should strengthen the theoretical construction and ability training of archaeology, strive to build Chinese archaeology with salient Chinese features, style, and ethos, and realize the historical mission of the new era of the Centennial“Chinese Dream.”     

Behind the Façade of the Rites Controversy: The Intriguing Contrast of Chinese and European Theism

The Chinese rites controversy of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has been often studied, but hitherto mostly as a quasi-linguistic-and-technical dispute between the followers of Matteo Ricci, the legendary founder of the Jesuit China mission, and his many different enemies in the Catholic Church. In reality the involved debate was much more complex than that at every turn. To show this and more, this article takes a close look again at how and why Chinese terms and customs came to figure in Ricci's proselytising work in China, how they were challenged both inside and outside the Jesuit China mission, how the Chinese reacted and why, and what the debate revealed about the intriguing contrast of Chinese and European theism.     

社会学的解读:英使团画家笔下的中国

18世纪末英国马戛尔尼使团访华,是中英关系史上重大的历史事件。英国国家图书馆保存有随团制图员亚历山大绘制的一份完整的访华见闻图。由于绘图者视角的特殊性,这批绘画成为研究当时中国社会不可多得的形象史料。画家描绘了各个阶层、各种职业的人物肖像,也描绘了交通工具、建筑、军事、运河等场景。从社会学角度反映了当时中国的生活状况,以及中英在军力、船舰、生产方式、宗教风俗等多方面的差异。     

Histoire de quelques miroirs déformants orient-occident

The paper brings to light a literary fabrication cast as a “chinoiserie» published in Paris in 1788 and tentatively explores its implicit message. The fabrication implies the title—allusion to the pamphlet written by the radical Morelly then commonly credited to Diderot—, the author—the Chinese philosopher contemporary of Socrates—, the alleged translation—which could never have occurred—, and the commentary attributed to a Jesuit of the French mission in China. The genuine author of the fabrication, a plea for the abolishion of the death penalty and a satire on the legal institution and the Clergy, is Louis Lavicomterie who later will be a member of the Montagne and will vote the death of Louis XVI. He fathered the book during the French Revolution. The reconstitution of the historical context helps to decipher the cryptic purpose of this chinese message. Behind Confucius, Lavicomterie has introduced Voltaire. The text reflects the moral and intellectual expectations at the eve of the turmoil: the increasing search for secularization and the rejection of the fundamental divine rights of the Ancien Régime.     

‘The Best Laid Plans’: The Development of British Battle-Fleet Tactics, 1919–1942

This paper provides a fresh overview of the much-debated Leith-Ross mission to China in 1935–6, in which Britain assisted the Chinese government's efforts to establish a new currency. It demonstrates that the mission should be understood primarily as an attempt to revive Britain's economic and political stake in East Asia. It argues that, while the government in London undoubtedly wished to see the amelioration of the tense relationship with Japan, the history of the mission demonstrates that it was not prepared to make significant sacrifices that would undermine British interests in China. It thus criticises the contention that the mission should be understood primarily as an exercise in appeasement and contends that in practice it constituted a challenge to Japan's claim to regional domination.