试析“冥”字本义

本文通过列举分析甲骨文字形、文义等方面,试图说明“冥”字在甲骨卜辞中不能解释为分娩的“娩”,更结合前人的研究成果提出了对于“冥”字本义的新观点。     

Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology: Progress and Prospects

This review assesses the development and current status of zooarchaeological research in historical archaeology. Analytical issues in recovery, identification, quantification and interpretation are discussed with particular reference to assemblages from historical sites. The results section summarizes the substantive contributions zooarchaeological studies of historical assemblages have made to our understanding of past diet, food production systems, social and cultural variation, and archaeological interpretations. The last four decades of research has provided a strong basis for future analyses that draw together diverse strands of zooarchaeological, historical, scientific, and anthropological evidence.     

“Numbers of individuals” in faunal analysis: the decay of fish bone in archaeological sites

Although quantifying animal remains in archaeological sites is best done by way of bone counts, there are several mechanisms that can cause distortions in the relative frequencies of different species. Some of these problems can be avoided by relatively minor modifications to standard methods, but the situation where bones have decayed since deposition cannot be controlled by methods currently in use.To overcome this a new technique is proposed. This involves comparing the relative frequencies of different anatomical elements across a number of sites, so that the extent of the dispersion of the frequencies of different bone classes at a site can be used as a guide to the extent of attrition there. This approach is illustrated by application to fish bones from sites in New Zealand.     

Considerations for the identification of ritual deposits of animal bones in Iron Age pits

Although ritual practices amongst human groups are well documented, there are often great difficulties in deducing that ritual behaviour was one of the processes leading to the deposition of prehistoric animal bones. This paper examines developments in recent British literature, particularly those related to the interpretation of certain bones found in Iron Age pits and notably at Danebury hillfort. It discusses a set of arguments or criteria on which the growing literature on ritual is based. In most instances the criteria cannot be restricted to a solely ritual interpretation and a wider range of taphonomic explanations are possible. More rigorous excavation records and discussion of evidence are required to identify ritual satisfactorily.     

甲骨卜辞田猎地“衣”之地望考——兼论衣、殷、邺之地理纠葛

甲骨卜辞中有一个重要的田猎地"衣"。过去的学者往往将其地望指在今河南沁阳一带。今据殷墟出土的甲骨文材料考证,该"衣"地不在沁阳地区,而在靠近殷墟的漳河流域。而"殷"、"衣"二字在古文献中每每通假,"殷"地之得名,当从"衣"而来。此地既是殷先公王亥或上甲微所居之故地(邺),又是后来盘庚迁都的所在(殷)。后世有"殷"、"邺"不分的情况,是有其历史渊源的。     

论甲骨文的部首--中国最早的一批象形字

本通过检视甲骨字中独休象形而具备部属字关系的部首,归纳出126个理论上是甲中最早发生的部首字。     

Wrap a Wreck! In Situ Conservation of a Ship on Land Suffering from Fungal Decay

Many sixteenth- to eighteenth-century shipwrecks have been found after land reclamation in parts of the former Zuiderzee, one of the busiest waterways in Dutch history. After the land fell dry, some shipwrecks were excavated, destroyed, reburied, or covered with sand or clay. In the late 1970s a method was developed to mitigate degradation processes of some of the wrecks remaining in good condition by wrapping them in plastic foil. The idea was that the plastic would prevent evaporation and lateral subsurface flow. Wet conditions prevent decomposing of wood by especially soft rot fungi. Oxygen will be rapidly depleted by decomposition of organic matter.

Recent monitoring of wrapped shipwrecks has shown that this method of preventing rot worked exceptionally well. We adapted wrapping using new technology nowadays applied for sealing tunnels and landfills. We will present the implementation requirements, materials and new adapted method for wrapping shipwrecks.     

释殷墟甲骨文中的“骝”

殷墟甲骨文中有一个从马、从牢的字．过去的学者一般都把它看作是“牢”字。本文根据新出土的新蔡葛陵楚墓竹简。认为它是一个从马、牢声的字,读作“骝”。     

慈溪潮塘江元代沉船保存状态研究

慈溪潮塘江元代沉船是慈溪地区迄今发现并经科学发掘的第一艘古代沉船,船体结构保存较为完整,现存10道隔舱壁板。通过¹⁴C测年进一步确认沉船所属时代为元代(1271年—1368年)。在沉船船体70个监测点位采集样品,从树种类型、木材化学组分、硫铁元素含量以及微生物病害种类等多个角度开展检测研究,全面调查分析沉船病害情况。结果表明,慈溪潮塘江元代沉船木材样品整体保存状态较好,由于长期处于内河道埋藏环境,木材处于饱水状态,最大含水率主要集中分布于185%～400%之间,局部区域呈现变色、变形、扭曲、开裂现象,木材化学组分呈现低综纤维素、高灰分的特点,含有少量硫铁元素,属于中度腐蚀状态,亟待开展盐分脱除与填充加固等船体保护工作。     

广东汕头市“南澳I号”明代沉船木材的分析研究

为研究南澳I号明代船体木材的保存状况,选择对其部分木材S6隔舱板和尾舱板进行树种鉴定、含水率分析,并采用现代科学的分析手段对样品进行了形貌及化学组成等分析。研究表明:南澳I号S6隔舱板和尾舱板均为山茶科的荷木;目前其平均含水率为327.78%,而正常荷木的最大含水率只有68.26%;与正常木材的化学组分相比,综纤维素降低显著,而灰分、1%NaOH抽出物含量等都有一定程度提高;木材中溶出大量可溶盐,主要以Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl-、SO2-₄等离子为主,总体来看各类离子的含量较高,其中,SO2-₄含量最高。且含有较多硫铁化合物,主要成分为黄铁矿。总体分析表明,在海水中长期浸泡后,南澳I号木材中的纤维素等有机支撑体已经发生了严重降解,水和大量盐分充盈在细胞腔内,木船构件样品的基本密度显著降低。所以除了水浸泡除去可溶性盐之外,还要选择恰当的化学吸附剂对南澳I号木材进行脱硫工作。     

“南海Ⅰ号”出水漆器残片的成分结构分析

为了用现代化学分析手段来剖析“南海Ⅰ号”漆器的髹漆工艺,以“南海Ⅰ号”出水的3片不同髹漆工艺的漆片为例,采用显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、共聚焦拉曼光谱仪(Raman)等科学测试仪器进行研究,从髹漆的层数、显色材料的成分、漆膜的成分、漆灰的结构和成分、胎体的结构等方面来深度剖析“南海Ⅰ号”出水漆器残片的结构及制作工艺。表面显微观察显示漆片花纹精致美观,细部处理到位;截面显微观察显示剔红样品共有9层,分别是外漆5层,内漆1层,内外漆灰各1层,胎体1层;剔犀样品共7层,分别是外漆3层,内漆1层,内外漆灰各1层,胎体1层;褐漆样品共6层,分别是外漆和内漆各1层,内外漆灰各1层,内漆灰中加杂1层编织物层,胎体1层。拉曼测试结果表明3块漆片中红色显色材料为朱砂(HgS),黄色显色材料为雌黄(As_(2)S_(3)),黑色显色材料为炭黑(C)。样品中内外漆灰成分为羟基磷酸钙[Ca_(5)(PO_(4))_(3)(OH)]、石英(SiO_(2))和水合草酸钙[CaC_(2)O_(4)(H_(2)O)_(2.375)]等常见物质。漆膜的成分是生漆中添加了少量的石英颗粒,没有添加桐油作为助剂。     

百年来甲骨文材料统计

甲骨文自1899年发现以来已有百余年,那么甲骨文材料究竟有多少?以往统计主要有两种说法:一种认为有10万片,另一种认为有15万片。统计数字的不同源于统计方法和认识上的不同,因此必须采取较科学的统计方法,才能得出较科学的统计结果。本文以国内外公私机构现藏甲骨实际数量为统计对象,在胡厚宣先生的统计基础上,结合最近发表的各种著作文章,最后统计出百年来甲骨文材料有13万片左右。