性别考古视角中的王因墓地分析

通过统计学分析、定量分析等方法的运用,以性别考古为研究视角,从墓葬结构、死亡年龄、随葬品、合葬墓及二次葬等方面揭示了王因墓地所反映的两性差异。王因墓地两性在墓葬结构、墓室面积、死亡年龄上并未有明显的差别,而在生产工具、装饰品、随葬猪骨、合葬墓及二次葬等方面差异明显。具体表现为:石锛、石铲、石斧等主要为男性所使用,纺轮、石球主要为女性所使用;女性以腕臂环饰为主,男性则以发饰为主;男性以随葬猪下颌骨为主,女性则多随葬猪肢骨;合葬墓中,随葬品多摆放在男性一侧;二次葬多发生于男性墓葬。王因墓地的社会性质推测为母系氏族社会,婚姻形态或处于偶婚制阶段。     

石家河文化玉器赏析（下）

2.单纯饰品玉器纯饰品玉器有玉牌饰、管、珠、坠、簪、端饰、柄形器、棒形器、叉形器、锥形器等。     

殷人额带玉饰

20世纪30年代,安阳小屯殷墟乙七基址北组墓葬的M86墓中,全躯葬骨架的头骨上存有三件蚌饰,其中间一颗,报告称为“蚌花”。它位于前额正中,造型如柿蒂形(按:所谓柿蒂纹,常见于汉代铜镜,呈四瓣形,与此不类。故以此名代称),长约6厘米,其它两件位于两鬓处(图一)。据石璋如推断,三件蚌饰原是镶嵌在革类或帛类物上,是戴在头上的额带装饰品①。     

完颜娄室墓出土冠饰研究

正旅顺博物馆收藏完颜娄室墓出土文物12件,包括荷叶形石饰1对、荷叶形石带具1对、白玉狮形佩饰1件、银镊子1件、银网冠1件、玉柄铁刀3件、透雕白玉荷花冠饰1对。其中冠饰有银网冠1件、透雕白玉荷花冠饰1对。另外在日本殖民统治时期出版的《旅顺博物馆陈列品图录》中亦收录完颜娄室墓出土冠饰:花形金冠饰1件及鎏金巾环3件,这几件冠饰可以对研究金早期高级贵族墓提供有价值的资料,故在此一并做以探讨。一、完颜娄室及完颜娄室墓出土文物概况若要弄明白墓中出土文物,首先要了解完颜娄室的身份地位。完颜娄室(1078?1130)是女真族著名将领,开国元勋,骁勇善战,足智多谋,     

说珙

玉块器型的样式古文献已有注释:《说文》释为“玉佩也”;《广韵》注为“佩如环而有缺”。我国文物、考古界均从《广韵》。凡圆形玉器中切割有缺口者皆被称作玦,这似乎没有多大分歧。至于它的功能,古人说法不一,但从正式发掘的墓葬中找到的例证则有:四川巫山大溪遗址128号墓出土的玉块,它位于头骨的两侧,显然是饰于耳垂的耳环之类的装饰品;又在台湾卑南古文化遗址B763号墓死者的头部两侧也发现有玉块,不过此玉块较大溪128号墓出土玉块在器形上发生了很大变化,这就是由单纯的圆形块增饰了六个突出的乳丁,     

青海共和盆地史前时期装饰品刍议

基于文献梳理和实物考察,归纳了青海共和盆地史前装饰品的种类、形式和使用;浅色石串饰可能在仰韶中晚期农业文化西进背景下,由马家窑文化引入共和盆地;齐家文化时期,装饰品承袭前期器类、进一步丰富,形成鲜明的地方特色;部分新见串珠可能来自河西走廊西部。当地装饰品独具一格或与其位置相对封闭、生业有别于周边相关。公元前二千纪上半串饰在甘青局地的流行,为探讨卡约、辛店、寺洼等文化装饰习俗来源提供了线索。     

藏族服饰的流变与特色

尽人皆知,藏族文化博大精深,璀灿夺目,是人类民族文化的一朵奇葩,作为藏族文化一个重要组成部分的藏族服饰文化也同样源远流长,多姿多彩,独具魅力。 藏族服饰的流变 目前关于藏族服饰最久远、现存的实物资料是昌都卡若遗址出土的少量装饰品,有片饰、簪、璜、珠、项饰、牌饰、贝饰等,反映了距     

花厅墓地研究

根据陶器类型学研究,把花厅墓地分为四期。把拥有玉琮、玉梳背饰、玉项饰的墓作为大型墓,把拥有玉镯、环等装饰品的墓作为中型墓,把只有陶石器等的墓作为小型墓。根据形态分析,把随葬陶器分为大汶口式、良渚式、薛家岗式、大汶口一良渚式和大汶口一薛家岗式五类,把玉器分为良渚式、花厅式和融合式三类。从死者头向、葬猪习俗、随葬品组合等方...     

圣诞装饰狂人

对于年届七旬的希尔维亚来说,悬挂装饰品并不是轻松的事情。她收集的圣诞饰品多达1750个,价值2万英镑（约合人民币20万元）     

柿子滩遗址穿孔饰品的穿系方式研究

由于旧石器时代饰品的发现较少,且分布零散,所以关于饰品的研究多集中于前期制作,而对于穿系方式少有深入,这就成为目前旧石器时代饰品研究的新领域。山西吉县柿子滩遗址中出土有30件穿孔饰品,通过对其穿孔位置和表面绳索压磨痕迹的观察分析,饰品可以明确识别出单绳单孔、单绳双孔、双绳单孔和多绳单孔四种穿系方式,相应形成以串饰和坠饰为目的的多种穿系方式的组合。这项研究为探索旧石器时代饰品的制作工艺提供了重要的线索和信息。     

Study on the discovered ornaments from Jafar-Abad and Tu Ali-Sofla kurgans (second phase of excavations)

In this research, typology of bronze ornaments discovered from Jafar-Abad and Tu Ali-Sofla kurgans (second phase of excavations) near Aras River in Khoda-Afarin town was investigated. These kurgans belong to combatant and migrating Eurasian tribes, which migrated to northwest Iran in Iron Age II (1200–800 B.C.). From the total number of 103 discovered objects, 93 objects were bronze ornaments, including rings, bracelet, earring, buttons for clothes, and spiral. Discovery of ornaments of various types’ revealed the existence of a social classification system of people in these tribes. In addition, study on the discovered buttons from these kurgans showed that as a tradition in burial ceremonies, the deceased were buried wearing clothes. To understand the basics of metalworking of combatant and migrating Eurasian tribes, analytical investigations were also conducted on three jewelry items including a bracelet, a ring, and an earring from a total number of 93 bronze ornaments discovered.     

Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments

Our knowledge of the migration routes of the first anatomically modern populations colonising the European territory at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic, of their degree of biological, linguistic, and cultural diversity, and of the nature of their contacts with local Neanderthals, is still vague. Ethnographic studies indicate that of the different components of the material culture that survive in the archaeological record, personal ornaments are among those that best reflect the ethno-linguistic diversity of human groups. The ethnic dimension of beadwork is conveyed through the use of distinct bead types as well as by particular combinations and arrangements on the body of bead types shared with one or more neighbouring groups. One would expect these variants to leave detectable traces in the archaeological record. To explore the potential of this approach, we recorded the occurrence of 157 bead types at 98 European Aurignacian sites. Seriation, correspondence, and GIS analyses of this database identify a definite cline sweeping counter-clockwise from the Northern Plains to the Eastern Alps via Western and Southern Europe through fourteen geographically cohesive sets of sites. The sets most distant from each other include Aurignacian sites from the Rhône valley, Italy, Greece and Austria on the one hand, and sites from Northern Europe, on the other. These two macro-sets do not share any bead types. Both are characterised by particular bead types and share personal ornaments with the intermediate macro-set, composed of sites from Western France, Spain, and Southern France. We argue that this pattern, which is not explained by chronological differences between sites or by differences in raw material availability, reflects the ethnolinguistic diversity of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic populations of Europe.     

匈奴腰饰牌及相关问题研究

匈奴腰饰牌特色鲜明,是匈奴文化的重要组成部分。对于没有文字的匈奴民族来说。这些腰饰牌是人们了解和认识匈奴社会以及匈奴民族与周边其他民族关系的一扇窗口。本文以匈奴遗迹出土腰饰牌为主要考察对象。辅以匈奴传世腰饰牌,通过考古类型学分析将其划分为A、B两大组群八个类型,初步勾勒出了匈奴腰饰牌的总体面貌和特征,指出了其中的地域差异。进而对匈奴腰饰牌进行了文化渊源之探讨。通过对匈奴遗迹和西汉墓葬出土腰饰牌的对比分析,总结出它们各自在空间分布和传播上的特点,认为A群组腰饰牌属于匈奴文化系统。它们源自早期草原文化带扣和骚饰牌。B群组腰饰牌存在着不同的文化系统Ba型腰饰牌属于匈奴文化系统,Bb型和Bd型腰饰牌属于汉文化系统,Bc型腰饰牌是这两大文化系统腰饰牌的混合体,且匈奴Ba型腰饰牌源自Bb型和Bd型腰饰牌。本文同时指出,中国北方地区是匈奴草原文化系统腰饰牌与汉文化系统腰饰牌的交汇地。     

THE PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART OF VASCO-CANTABRIAN SPAIN

Summary. This article explores the relationship between cave art and Upper Paleolithic archeology in northern Spain (and extreme southwestern France). Among the 83 known art sanctuaries, only three can probably be terminus ante quem dated to the early Upper Paleolithic (c. 35,000-20,000 BP). Other types of evidence (virtual absence of ornaments and mobile art objects before the Solutrean, stylistic similarities between works of late Upper Paleolithic mobile art and parietal art, overwhelming association of Solutrean and/or Magdalenian cultural deposits with art sanctuaries) clearly suggest that most of the cave art was done in the period between c. 20,000-10,000 BP. Cave art sanctuaries are distributed in non-random fashion. The clusters of sanctuaries usually correspond with dense clusters of habitation sites. The clusters are separated by substantial geographical gaps. These chronological and geographical facts coincide with contemporaneous subsistence intensification, all of which tends to support the hypothesis of increased territorialism in the late Last Glacial.     

云贵高原出土青铜扣饰研究

目次一发现与类型四设计意匠与制作工艺二年代与族属五起源及相关问题三功能与使用在云贵高原青铜文化遗存中常见一种青铜扣饰,其具体形状以圆形、长方形及各种人物和动物形象居多,一般正面有纹饰或镶嵌玉石,背面则为素面。这些扣饰在结构上有一个共同的特点,即背面均有一个弯折的钩,一般为横向,且多位于扣饰背面偏左或左上部的位置。钩的弯折处呈直角     

Experimental studies of personal ornaments from the Iron Gates Mesolithic

Personal ornaments, especially those made from the shells of marine mollusks and animal teeth, have been recovered from many Mesolithic sites across Europe. This paper reviews the evidence of personal ornaments from the Mesolithic of the Iron Gates, where such finds were identified in five sites on the Romanian bank: the cave and rock shelter sites of Climente II and Cuina Turcului, and three open-air sites—Icoana, Ostrovul Banului, and Schela Cladovei. The ornaments from these sites were made from the shells of several gastropod taxa and at least one species of dentaliid scaphopod, as well as the pharyngeal teeth of cyprinids, the teeth of several species of terrestrial mammal, fish vertebrae, and pieces of antler and bone. Particular attention is given to taxonomic identification and questions of taphonomy, provenance, selection, manufacture, and use. Experiments were conducted in which several types of ornament were replicated. Archeological and experimental pieces (at various stages of production) were examined under a microscope, to establish the durability of the beads and estimate the length of time over which they were worn. Our results show that shells of Lithoglyphus and Theodoxus sp. were simply perforated and fixed in composed adornments, as were shells of Tritia neritea in the early part of the time range. In the later Mesolithic, T. neritea shells were processed in a different way and fixed to clothing in the manner of appliqués. No technological modification of the cyprinid teeth was observed; these were sewn individually onto clothing by means of a thread coated with an adhesive substance. The other categories of personal ornament were used mainly as pendants. Experimental use-wear analysis suggests that many ornaments were used over long periods, with broken or missing pieces replaced when necessary.     

夏商西周金器研究

整理近50年的考古发掘资料,夏、商、西周金器从用途上可分为人体装饰、其他材质器物上的装饰、祭祀用器、腰带饰四大类。京津冀辽蒙、豫鲁、陕晋、甘肃和四川等地区的金器,各有区域特点并反映了相关的社会问题及文化内涵。     

REDEFINING NEANDERTHALS AND ART: AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE MULTIPLE SPECIES MODEL FOR THE ORIGIN OF BEHAVIOURAL MODERNITY

Since the late 1990s, a number of specialists have proposed a ‘multiple species model’ to explain the origins of behavioural modernity. This model establishes that most of the traits defining modern behaviour, including ornaments and art, are not exclusive to modern humans, but arose among anatomically ‘non‐modern’ populations, like the late Neanderthals of Europe. This paper proposes that the emergence of this multiple species model is related to conceptual changes in the definitions of ‘Neanderthals’ and ‘art’. In the first place, Neanderthals, once characterized as apish creatures lacking intelligence, are now considered by many as complex cognitive people capable of modern behaviour, including the ability to create symbolic and artistic representations. In the second place, personal ornaments, once trivialized as ‘trinkets’, are recognized today as artistic representations and as symbolically valued as other prehistoric artworks. These redefinitions of Neanderthals and personal ornaments reflect not only the multiple species model but also some of the recent debates concerning the origins of symbolic behaviour.     

张家川马家塬战国墓地2010～2011年发掘简报

甘肃张家川马家塬战国墓地自2006年考古发掘取得重要发现后,至2009年共清理墓葬20座。2010年下半年至2011年底对该墓地进行了第五、六年度的考古发掘,新发掘清理了位于墓地东北部的5座中、小型墓葬(M18～M21、M59),大部分为竖穴阶梯墓道偏洞室墓,竖穴内均随葬有车及牛、羊、马头骨和腿骨等,其中M18出土的2号车,车身不同部位采用铜、银、贴金铁饰件以及汉蓝、汉紫珠和髹漆等装饰。墓葬出土有金器、银器、铜器、铁器、陶器、骨器等器物,其中铜敦、匝、三足壶和盆以及数量较多的漆耳盘(杯)等为马家塬墓地新出土的器类,为研究西戎文化与其他文化的交流等提供了新资料。