ON LAWFULNESS IN HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

The use of general and universal laws in historiography has been the subject of debate ever since the end of the nineteenth century. Since the 1970s there has been a growing consensus that general laws such as those in the natural sciences are not applicable in the scientific writing of history. We will argue against this consensus view, not by claiming that the underlying conception of what historiography is—or should be—is wrong, but by contending that it is based on a misconception of what general laws such as those of the natural sciences are. We will show that a revised notion of law, one inspired by the work of Sandra D. Mitchell, in tandem with Jim Woodward's notion of “invariance,” is indeed applicable to historiography, much in the same way as it is to most other scientific disciplines. Having developed a more adequate account of general laws, we then show, by means of three examples, that what are called “pragmatic laws” and “invariance” do in fact play a role in history in several interesting ways. These examples—from cultural history, economic history, and the history of religion—have been selected on the basis of their diversity in order to illustrate the widespread use of pragmatic laws in history.     

THE MISSING NARRATIVIST TURN IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SCIENCE

The narrativist turn of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the discussion of general history. With the rejection of Rankean historical realism, the focus shifted to the historian as a narrator and on narratives as literary products. Oddly, the historiography of science took a turn in the opposite direction at the same time. The social turn in the historiography of science emphasized studying science as a material and practical activity with traceable and documentable traits. This empirization of the field has led to an understanding that history of science could be directly describable from scientific practice alone without acknowledging the role of the historian as a constructor of narratives about these practices. Contemporary historians of science tend to be critical of science's ability to describe its object—nature, as it is—but they often are not similarly skeptical of their own abilities to describe their object: past science, as it is. I will argue that historiography of science can only gain from a belated narrativist turn.     

THE OWL OF MINERVA AND THE IRONIC FATE OF THE PROGRESSIVE PRAXIS OF RADICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY IN POST‐APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

Despite its title and stated objectives this edited volume does not provide a broad and inclusive survey of post‐apartheid South African historiographical developments. Its main topic is the unexpected demise in the post‐apartheid context of the radical or revisionist approach that had invigorated and transformed the humanities and social studies during the 1970s and 1980s. In the context of the anti‐apartheid struggle the radical historians had developed a plausible model of praxis for progressive scholarship, yet in the new post‐apartheid democratic South Africa radical historical scholarship itself encountered a crisis of survival. This should not be confused with a general “crisis” of historical scholarship in South Africa, as some of the uneven contributions to this volume contend, as that remains an active and diversely productive field due also to substantial contributions by historians not based in South Africa. If the dramatic and ironic fate of radical historical scholarship in the context of the transition to a post‐apartheid democracy is the volume's primary topic, then it unfortunately fails to provide serious and sustained critical reflection on the origins and possible explanations for that crisis. A marked feature of the accounts of “history making” provided in this volume is the (former) radical historians' lack of self‐reflexivity and the scant interest shown in the underlying history of their own intellectual trajectories.     

NORBERT ELIAS,THE CIVILIZING PROCESS: SOCIOGENETIC AND PSYCHOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS—AN OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT

Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process, which was published in German in 1939 and first translated into English in two volumes in 1978 and 1982, is now widely regarded as one of the great works of twentieth‐century sociology. This work attempted to explain how Europeans came to think of themselves as more “civilized” than their forebears and neighboring societies. By analyzing books about manners that had been published between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, Elias observed changing conceptions of shame and embarrassment with respect to, among other things, bodily propriety and violence. To explain those developments, Elias examined the interplay among the rise of state monopolies of power, increasing levels of economic interconnectedness among people, and pressures to become attuned to others over greater distances that led to advances in identifying with others in the same society irrespective of social origins. Elias's analysis of the civilizing process was not confined, however, to explaining changing social bonds within separate societies. The investigation also focused on the division of Europe into sovereign states that were embroiled in struggles for power and security. This article provides an overview and analysis of Elias's principal claims in the light of growing interest in this seminal work in sociology. The analysis shows how Elias defended higher levels of synthesis in the social sciences to explain relations between “domestic” and “international” developments, and changes in social structure and in the emotional lives of modern people. Elias's investigation, which explained long‐term processes of development over several centuries, pointed to the limitations of inquiries that concentrate on short‐term intervals. Only by placing short‐term trends in long‐term perspective could sociologists understand contemporary developments. This article maintains that Elias's analysis of the civilizing process remains an exemplary study of long‐term developments in Western societies over the last five centuries.     

2. ON ISLAMIC TIME: RETHINKING CHRONOLOGY IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MUSLIM SOCIETIES

This article argues that the academic representation of Islamic history as a single timeline, which was established in the nineteenth century and continues to predominate to the present, is a primary issue restricting fruitful readings of Islamic historical materials. Utilizing insights in thinking about history that favor multiple temporalities, I suggest that scholars in Islamic studies can expand the possibilities of their work by paying attention to the diversity of ways in which time is conceptualized within original materials. As illustrations for the rethinking I advocate, I provide readings of the structures and literary affects of three Persian works in different genres, produced circa 1490–1540 ce . I suggest that a foundational reorientation in the field of Islamic historiography has the potential to help us break out of binds identified in the critique of orientalism provided by Edward Said and others and would lead to better ways to approach developments in Muslim societies.     

中国十大城市群综合发展水平的多层次因素分析及非均衡差异研究

中国十大城市群正在成为中国经济、科技、文化最发达的地区,成为了中国国民经济的十大支撑点,因此,研究中国十大城市群综合发展水平具有理论和实践上的重大意义。通过构建城市群综合发展水平评估指标体系,采用多层次因素分析与分类相结合的综合评估方法,对中国十大城市群综合发展水平进行了科学评估及比较,十大城市群综合发展水平呈现出四大集团的非均衡区域差异分布。同时分别提出了缩短领先型集团、挑战型集团、追赶型集团、后进型集团城市群综合发展水平非均衡差异的对策与建议。     

试论城市管治的模式及其在中国的应用

在城市管治研究领域,Jon pierre(1999)关于城市管治模式的总结极具代表性:管理模式(managerial)、社团模式(corporatist)、支持增长模式(progrowth)、福利模式(welfare)。这一总结成为了城市管治的理论基础,对城市管治研究产生了深远的影响。转型时期中国城市经济的迅速发展使得原有管理体制的不适应性逐渐暴露出来,对城市规划与管理提出新的挑战,同时也对我国刚刚开展的城市管治研究提出现实而又迫切的课题。本文正是从现实出发,在深入研究西方城市管治模式的基础上指出:目前中国城市管治主要以福利模式和支持增长模式为主,相应机制尚未完善且相互之间缺乏有机协调的结合;中国城市管治应进一步完善与运作管理模式和社团模式,同时加强多种管治模式的交互与整合。     

历史时期新疆北部城镇的形成与发展

历史时期新疆北部是草原游牧民族与汉族相互活动的区域,其城镇的形成与发展具有一定的草原文化景观特色。本文分析了新疆北部地区城镇的历史演变过程,提出其城镇萌芽于汉代前后,完善于清代后期,城镇的中心有一个从吉木萨尔-伊犁-乌鲁木齐的演变过程,并论述了新疆北部城镇形成与发展的特征和城镇发展的影响因素,得出研究历史城镇的发展对今天城镇建设与规划有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于SNA的中国入境欧洲旅游流网络性质和结构特征研究

欧洲是世界最重要的出境旅游市场之一,研究入境中国的欧洲旅游流对于国家开拓欧洲市场具有重要的现实意义。通过构建入境中国的欧洲旅游流网络,应用社会网络分析法研究该网络的度分布、聚集系数、平均路径长度等统计特征,和网络的个体结构位置、整体形态结构特征。结果显示:①入境欧洲旅游流网络是具有小世界效应和无标度特性的网络。②北京和西安是入境欧洲旅游流的发散中心,上海和香港是旅游流的集聚中心。③入境欧洲旅游流网络的密度低,中心势高,网络结构紧密程度低,旅游城市之间的欧洲旅游流联系不密切,并呈现围绕核心城市集散的特点。④入境欧洲旅游流网络是核心-边缘网络,网络中核心节点突出,边缘节点明显。结合旅游流流向关系和节点位势指标分析,网络核心区节点可划分为核心节点和重要节点两大类型,边缘区节点均为边缘节点。     

新疆入境游客认知热点与关联研究

以入境游客发表在各大网络社区的关于新疆的英文博客为研究样本,运用共现分析和社会网络分析法,借助ANTCONC软件和UCINET软件,探寻新疆入境游客的认知热点和认知关联。研究发现:1旅游认知存在地域空间、情感评价、行为倾向三维认知结构模式,其中地域空间认知是认知基础,三类认知在信息互馈中形成动态的认知结构。2新疆19个热点认知偏好关联可以作为其网络旅游营销当中推荐系统的开发依据。3新疆入境游客地域空间认知中乌鲁木齐是旅游认知热度最大的城市,喀纳斯是旅游热度最大的景区。情感评价认知以积极评价为主。行为倾向认知中徒步旅游和自驾是主要的旅游方式。4同质景观之间的旅游认知关联较强。     

冀中区农村合作社流通券的版别及困惑

冀中,位于河北省中部,地处平汉、平津、津浦、石德四大铁路干线之间,面积约6万平方公里。冀中抗日根据地是晋察冀边区的重要组成部分。1939年7月冀中突发特大洪灾,日寇趁机四处掘堤,助长水患,妄图断我冀中军民生路,扼杀冀中抗日根据地。我冀中党政军民立即动员起来,护堤筑坝,募筹粮款,紧急救灾。9月,冀中政治主任公署决定各县普遍建立农村合作社,实行生产自救。同时为配合边区的货币斗争,弥补边区银行票币流通不足,防止敌人的扫荡及敌伪货币对冀中各县物资的掠夺,边区政府批准冀中各县发行冀中区农村合作社流通券,以巩固边币金融阵地。1…     

国外社会化媒体在旅游业中的应用研究进展及启示

随着信息技术在旅游业中的广泛应用,新技术和新应用对旅游业的发展产生了深远影响,并促使旅游研究范式发生转变。基于社会化媒体与旅游业紧密结合的现实,通过对国外社会化媒体和旅游相关研究进行梳理,从社会化媒体概念界定、社会化媒体类型划分、社会化媒体对旅游主客体的影响、社会化媒体在旅游业中的应用四个方面进行了归纳和综述。研究发现,目前国外关于社会化媒体与旅游的相关研究处于快速发展阶段;社会化媒体对旅游业的多方面深刻影响也逐渐被学者认识,但是研究的广度和深度还有待加强。最后,从基础理论和实际应用角度提出相关的研究启示。     

BACK TO THE FUTURE: POSTNARRATIVIST HISTORIOGRAPHY AND ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

Jouni‐Matti Kuukkanen has written an important book. It directly confronts a key theoretical dilemma that has shadowed debate in historiography for several decades: histories cannot be written without using some narrative structure or other, but epistemological evaluation cannot be applied to narratives qua narrative. Thus, if empirical inquiry takes the form of a history, then it cannot be rationally evaluable, and if rationally evaluable, empirical inquiry cannot be in the form of a history. Kuukkanen's book both directly confronts and proposes a strategy for surmounting this tired and tiresome theoretical barrier. Kuukkanen deserves great credit for attempting to reshape a long‐stalled debate in a way that enables the theoretical options to be imagined anew. Yet his structuring of the oppositional tendencies engenders some ongoing problems regarding how to understand the philosophical stakes and options. This review argues that achieving Kuukkanen's postnarrativist future requires going back to past epistemic concerns discarded because they were tied to conceptions of logic and explanation that could not be reconciled with narrative form. Kuukkanen practices postnarrativism but still preaches a prenarrativist conception of logic. To reach his promised future, to actually overcome the dilemma that he rightly seeks to transcend, one must actually have the courage of Kuukkanen's pragmatist convictions.     

消费社会下商业地理研究的新取向

二十世纪二、三十年代以来,在实证主义和行为主义的影响下,商业地理学研究多聚焦于空间结构与边界、商业活动的区位与业态、商业活动中人的行为等经典领域。九十年代之后,网络经济的快速发展和大数据的应用,使实体商业与电子购物的关系、消费者行为的空间分析等主题,成为新的研究焦点,并积极推动商业地理在研究内容和研究方法上的革新。伴随着消费力量在现代社会的崛起,商业地理所关注的商业空间和活动,不仅被消费地理从社会文化的视角进行诠释,而且在主题上扩展至更为多元的消费实践和社会关系网络。人本主义、新马克思主义、结构主义等流派的思想,也被广泛用于消费空间的解读。在一个更为广阔的社会背景和更贴近日常生活的框架下,商业地理将不局限于对物质层面的关注,而是处于一个更加开放的知识体系之中。     

历史文化街区表征与非表征之间的关联——以北京历史文化街区文化意义变化分析为例

历史文化街区存在建筑实体要素保护好,蕴含文化意义传承差的现象.本文从新文化地理学的角度,将街区作为景观,分析建筑使用形式和使用者变化后,景观意义的传承情况.本文以北京西四历史文化街区为景观对象,采用表征、非表征理论,调查当地居民对建筑实体体现意义的理解,及其具身的、实践的文化意义.研究结果显示:第一,该区表征文化主要是...     

长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络结构时空演变研究

基于城市群城市间创新联系和创新差异水平的改进引力模型,运用社会网络分析方法探究了2006—2016年长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络结构及其时空演变趋势。研究发现:研究期内长江中游城市群城市间协同创新水平整体逐渐提升,但强寡弱多的非均衡格局改变并不显著;空间上形成了以武汉、长沙为中心辐射邻近地区的协同创新高值区,环鄱阳湖城市群相对落后;长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络整体密度和效率提升较快,而三大子城市群城市间协同创新发展相对滞后;网络多中心在发育,逐渐由最初的双核主导发展为"3+5"多核心格局;随着创新内外环境的变化,网络内部四个凝聚子群不断重构,结构和功能更加复杂化和层次化。     

重庆主城区社会空间结构分析

以重庆市主城区社会空间结构作为研究对象,以五普人口普查数据为基础,利用因子生态分析手段,采用聚类分析方法,对重庆主城区社会区加以分析。结果表明影响2000年重庆主城区社会区形成的主因子有蓝领人口因子、白领人口因子、居住条件因子、外来人口因子4个;将2000年重庆主城区社会区划分为六个主要类型,其空间分布呈现出明显的"马赛克和圈层"结构,内圈表现为马赛克分布,被外圈农业人口分布区所包围。从主城区层面上看,社会区分布表现出一定非规律性;在组团内反映了一种内在的规律性。     

旅游发展对乡村社区人际关系的影响研究——以丹霞山为例

随着旅游业的发展,一种以经济为纽带的新型乡村邻里关系正在建立,但国内学界对此缺乏关注。本文以丹霞山旅游区内的瑶塘村和断石村为案例,在确定了人际关系的衡量框架并对其可能的变化作出假设后,通过深度访谈、问卷调查的方法进行实地调研并检验假设,探讨旅游业所起的作用和影响。研究发现:除了一般认识上的负面影响,如交往时间减少、当地村民淳朴性下降等,旅游发展对人际关系还有较大正面作用,如提高了当地的文明程度、减少了村民日常交往中的摩擦、增加了新型的集体活动等。     

有关"社会主义转型国家"城市社会空间的研究述评

1990年代西方学者对于“社会主义转型国家”城市社会空间进行了大量研究。尽管中东欧社会主义转型国家与中国城市社会空间演进有某些共同点,如郊区化、内城区衰落、居住隔离等,但两者的分异机制迥然不同,前者为“社会主义向资本主义的彻底的急速转型”,后者为“社会主义前提”的渐进转型。这对中国城市社会空间的深入研究具有较大的指导意义。     

中国古代城的形态规模与分布位置的史地分析及遥感应用

本文主要论述了夏朝至战国时期中国古代城的形成与发展,说明中国古代城的形态规模与分布位置是与自然环境和社会条件密切相关的。城的形态受地理环境影响较明显,城的规模与生产力发展水平及城的行政等级有关,而城的分布位置主要是与国家的统治与稳固、城的经济发展等因素有关。文章最后还论述了遥感技术在探测古代城的形态规模与分布位置方面的应用和方法。