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1.
Alan Mayne 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):553-562
Much of the excitement generated in Britain since 2007 by the York Archaeological Trust’s excavations of the city’s Hungate
neighborhood, which Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree characterized as a “slum” in his pioneering poverty survey of 1901, derives
from the unexpected volume and variety of material evidence uncovered about life in a poor community within a modern industrial
city. Such material evidence and its often uncertain relationships to other historical data can enhance analysis by complicating
understanding of the past, rather than echoing conventional wisdom. Findings from Hungate can thus contribute to nuanced understandings
of urban social disadvantage not only at the neighborhood level in this one particular British city, but at the larger scales
of analysis that encompass the growth of cities and interacting urban regions in Britain and around the world during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. These understandings have contemporary relevance for a world in which over half of humanity now lives
in urban areas, as misconceptions about “slums” continue to undermine efforts to reduce urban inequality. 相似文献
2.
Over the last decade several dozen direct dates on cave art pigments or associated materials have supplemented more traditional
style-based attempts to establish a chronological (and developmental) scheme for cave art. In the “post-stylistic” era an
holistic integration of pigment “recipe” analysis, formal stylistic analysis and direct chronometric dating have been applied
to a handful of dates. Here, we examine the state-of-the-art of Palaeolithic cave art dating, with particular emphasis on
certain radiocarbon and Uranium-series projects. We examine the relative successes and weaknesses of this cutting edge science.
We conclude that there are several weaknesses in current applications that are in serious need of addressing. Issues of sample
contamination and of the heuristic relationship between materials dated and the production of the art are particularly problematic.
It follows that one should at present be very cautious about straightforward interpretations of apparent “dates” of cave art. 相似文献
3.
Prudence M. Rice 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2009,16(2):117-156
Studies of the organization of Maya pottery production have been pursued via numerous methods but without theoretical models.
I review available data on production of Late Classic southern lowland Maya polychrome pottery in light of my calendrically
based may model of geopolitical organization. I conclude that: (1) production arrangements vary by “kind” of pottery; (2) “craft specialization”
and “workshops” are inappropriate concepts; (3) study of polychrome production necessitates multiple approaches, including
analysis of decorative content; (4) better “bridging arguments” and “middle-range theory” are needed; (5) figural polychromes
were “inalienable” wealth goods; and (6) they were painted in palaces of primary and secondary centers—may and k'atun seats in the model—in realm-specific signature styles. 相似文献
4.
Jianxin Hou 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(1):1-24
The Western terms “feudal” and “feudalism” have been widely and improperly translated as “fengjian” in contemporary China. The early Western Sinologists and Chinese scholars, including Yan Fu, did not originally make such
a translation. Yan initially transliterated the term “feudalism” as fute zhi in his early translations. It was not until the 20th century, when Western classical evolutionism found its way into China,
that “feudalism” was reduced to an abstract concept, and the Western European model was generalized as a framework for understanding
development in China and the whole world. Only then did Yan Fu first equate “feudalism” with “fengjian,” and China was believed to have experienced a “feudal society” in the same sense as Europe. From the perspective of intellectual
history, using evidential and theoretical analyses, this article attempts to show that feudalism was a historical product
in the development of Western Europe and existed only in Europe, “fengjian” is a system appropriate only in discussions of pre-Qin China, and China from the Qin to the Qing experienced instead a system
of imperial autocracy. The medieval periods in the West and in China evidence widely divergent social forms and hence should
not be confused with the same label.
__________
Translated from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (Social Sciences in China), 2005, (6): 173–188 相似文献
5.
Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood Sherene Baugher 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2010,14(4):463-474
This article starts by defining the term “powered cultural landscapes” and then provides a brief history of research on this
topic in historical archaeology, starting with the settlement pattern paradigm that did not use the word “landscape,” and
progressing to the landscape paradigm and the subsequent increasing use of the word “power” in cultural landscape research.
Topics of research initially addressed landscape power dynamics between classes, followed by racial, ethnic, and finally gender
power dynamics. Frameworks for analyzing power dynamics have progressed from the Marxian domination and resistance framework
for class and racial power dynamics, followed by feminist analyses of male domination, to the recent development of a feminist
inclusive heterarchical model of power dynamics. 相似文献
6.
The studies of urban popular culture in modern China in recent years have attracted wide attention from scholars in China
and abroad. The symposium, which is composed by Ma Min’s “Injecting vitality into the studies of urban cultural history,”
Jiang Jin’s “Issues in the studies of urban popular culture in modern China,” Wang Di’s “The microcosm of Chinese cities:
The perspective and methodology of studying urban popular culture from the case of teahouses in Chengdu,” Joseph W. Esherick’s
“Remaking the Chinese city: Urban space and urban culture” and Lu Hanchao’s “From elites to common people: The downward trend
in the studies of Chinese urban history in the United States,” provide valuable insights on the perspective, trend, and methodology
of the studies.
Four articles of the symposium are translated by Yang Kai-chien and Jin Xueqin from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2008, (5): 5–19; Joseph W. Esherick provides the English version of his article. 相似文献
7.
Jonas M. Nordin 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):358-380
History was an important notion in constructing an industrial capitalist society in the nineteenth century. This article deals
with the manifest use of history at the Stockholm Exhibition of 1897. At this exhibition, history was ubiquitous and was most
fully expressed in the model of medieval and Renaissance Stockholm called “Old Stockholm.” The history of nineteenth- and
twentieth-century exhibitions in general has been thoroughly studied in the field of humanities. However, the specific use
of history and space has not attracted much interest. This analysis of the model of Old Stockholm is of the first archaeological
study of remains of the great exhibitions ever to have been done. Even though the “Old Stockholm” pavilion was exceedingly
popular in the summer of 1897, only very scarce documentation has survived. An archaeological excavation of parts of the temporary
historical models, such as the “Hospital of the Holy Spirit,” showed convincing evidence of the hegemonic position which the
use of history enjoyed at the exhibition and in the nineteenth century. 相似文献
8.
The construction of “citizen-state” relations in the intellectual world of modern China and the establishment of individual
citizenship in political discourse have opened up a political and discourse sphere for modern women to strive for new identities,
wherein some intellectually advanced women have managed to establish their individual identity as “female citizen” by carrying
the debate on the relationship between women and the state with regard to their rights and responsibilities, and on the relationship
between gender role and citizenship. Though the idea of “female citizen” was not provided with a political theory of practical
significance, the subject identity of women, however, was repeatedly spoken about and strengthened in brand-new literary practices,
resulting in a dynamic discourse of “female citizen”; in the meantime, disagreements concerning the concepts of “female rights,”
“civil rights,” and “natural rights” have all helped create significant tension inside the related discourse sphere.
Translated by Feng Mei from Nankai Xuebao 南开学报 (Journal of Nankai University), 2008, (4): 40–47 相似文献
9.
《Frontiers of History in China》2009,4(3):340
Tracing the origin and circulation of the “jargon” spoken at Canton, the paper examines how “jargon” became an issue of Sino-foreign communication conflicts in the early 19th century, and how Westerners responded to it. As a lingua franca spread extensively in the Canton trade, the so-called “jargon” (a pidgin form of patois) played an essential role as communication tool between Chinese and foreign traders. However, in the eyes of missionaries in early 19th century China, the normal Sino-foreign contact process was interrupted and distorted by both parties’ overusing of the jargon. In this regard, early Protestant missionaries’ support of Chinese language study reveals an initial effort to break through the “jargon” barrier. 相似文献
10.
司佳 《Frontiers of History in China》2009,4(3):340-357
Tracing the origin and circulation of the “jargon” spoken at Canton, the paper examines how “jargon” became an issue of Sino-foreign
communication conflicts in the early 19th century, and how Westerners responded to it. As a lingua franca spread extensively in the Canton trade, the so-called “jargon” (a pidgin form of patois) played an essential role as communication
tool between Chinese and foreign traders. However, in the eyes of missionaries in early 19th century China, the normal Sino-foreign contact process was interrupted and distorted by both parties’ overusing of the jargon.
In this regard, early Protestant missionaries’ support of Chinese language study reveals an initial effort to break through
the “jargon” barrier.
相似文献
11.
Susan Kus 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》1997,4(3-4):199-213
It has been said that “archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing.” And so archaeologists have become conversant in and
contributors to cultural theory. Other archaeologists have undertaken ethnoarchaeological studies on material culture when
ethnographers have not supplied the data needed. Yet archaeologists might undertake more traditional participant-observation
fieldwork to help nuance the cultural questions we ask and to render our tales of the past more convincing, in particular,
when we purport to speak of the sensuous and meaningful experience of the “prehistoric other.” This article discusses the
venturing of one archaeologist in Madagascar tracking aspects of the classic problem of state origins across archaeology,
oral history, ethnoarchaeology, and ethnography.
This process of joining objective analysis to lived experience is perhaps the most proper task of anthropology, the one that
distinguishes it from other social science… 相似文献
12.
Joshua Samuels 《Archaeologies》2010,6(1):62-81
Foucault’s concept of the “heterotopia” has been applied broadly throughout the humanities and social sciences. Archaeologies
of the recent past are well-suited to examine these “other spaces”: blurring the line between past and present while juxtaposing
archaeological, archival, and ethnographic data, they can draw attention to the gaps, contradictions, and alternate orderings
that make up the world around us. Using the extensive agricultural land reforms and building programs undertaken by Italy’s
Fascist government in Sicily in the 1940s as an example, I extend the heterotopia concept to an analysis of archaeological
landscapes, critically exploring the benefits and limitations of a heterotopic perspective in archaeological contexts. 相似文献
13.
Jin Jiang 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(2):234-253
The rise of the melodrama as a literary and theatrical genre appears to have had a co-relation with the rise of industrial
cities in modern times around the globe from Europe, North America, to East Asia. In China, this phenomenon manifested itself
in the yanqing (lit. speaking of feelings) genre that dominated the popular culture scene in Shanghai in the most part of the twentieth
century. While the yanqing genre was an expression of particular Chinese modern experiences, it also provided a channel for these local experiences
to partake in and enrich a global experience of modernity. This study shows how yanqing arts helped ordinary Shanghai residents deal with changing patterns of gender, love, and family relations in the fast-growing
and modernizing city. Through such re-examination of the yanqing culture this study tries to shed new light on some important questions in modern Chinese history and help correct traditional
elite views of this history.
Translated from Shilin 史林 (Historical Review), 2006, (4): 70–79
Parts of this article have been presented at the international conference, “As China Meets the World: China’s Changing Position
in the International Community, 1840–2000,” held at Vienna, May 15–19, 2004; and “The First Modern Chinese Social History
Conference,” held in Qingdao, Shandong, August 2005. It is modified by the author when translated into English. 相似文献
14.
The Mornington Island Mission in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, was a site of historical engagement between Aboriginal
people and missionaries. In this paper, we apply the theoretical concepts of “domains” and the “intercultural” to the investigation
of this engagement between 1914 and 1942, when the mission was overseen by the Reverend Robert Wilson. Through the examination
of the removal of Aboriginal children, the establishment of a mission compound and Aboriginal camp and the inclusion of Aboriginal
adults into the mission compound through production and economy, we show how mutually constituted domains operated. At the
same time, the interaction between Aboriginal adults and children with missionaries within these domains was increasingly
intercultural in nature. Thus, both “domains” and the “intercultural” are shown to have relevance to the historical case study. 相似文献
15.
Qisheng Wang 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(4):590-631
During the Anti-Japanese War, universities became an important arena for the competition between GMD and CCP, as well as the
contention among various nationalist factions. The GMD branch in the National Southwest Associated University was the most
active one among its university party branches during the wartime. About half of the professors joined the GMD, and the university
authorities also tolerated professors and students in other parties and factions. The professors made up a heterogeneous group
that included “democratic fighters” like Wen Yiduo and “faithful party members” like Yao Congwu. The co-existence of intellectual
elites belonging to different parties and factions created a highly tolerant “fortress of democracy” on campus.
Translated by Zhou Weiwei from Lishi Yanjiu 历史研究 (Historical Research), 2006, (4):125–148 相似文献
16.
Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists have advanced a wide range of explanatory narratives for the various movements of Homo erectus/Homo ergaster, and the first modern Homo sapiens, “Out of Africa”—or even back again. The application of Occam's razor—a parsimonious approach to causes—gives a more cautious approach. There is nothing in the available evidence that would require the ability for a human water crossing from Africa before the later Pleistocene, whether across the Strait of Gibraltar, the Sicilian Channel or the southern Red Sea (Bab el-Mandab). A parsimonious narrative is consistent with movements across the Sinai peninsula. The continuous arid zone from northern Africa to western Asia allowed both occupation and transit during wet phases of the Pleistocene; there is no requirement for a “sponge” model of absorption followed by expulsion of human groups. The Nile Valley as a possible transit route from East Africa has a geological chronology that could fit well much current evidence for the timing of human migration. The limited spatial and temporal opportunities for movements “Out of Africa,” or back again, also puts particular difficulties in the way of the gene flow required for the multiregional hypothesis of the development of modern Homo sapiens. 相似文献
17.
The purpose of this article is to explain and discuss the essential operational characteristics of the technology of power
(sensu Foucault) perpetrated on the internal frontiers with the Indians in nineteenth-century Argentina. The conquest and
colonization of the Pampas took shape in the establishment of military camp structures placed to create a defensive cordon,
known as “the Indian frontier line.” These constructions were fortlets defended by gaucho cavalry squadrons (know as Blandengues
during the Spanish period, and then Guardias Nacionales after Argentinean Independence). This process is known in Argentinean
historiography as “the conquest of the desert.” This particular technology of power existed in this historical context and
operated at every social level, impacting strongly on the lower classes that inhabited the incorrectly named “desert.” Its
implementation in the military field enabled the existence of an array of micro-powers that surrounded the gaucho, called
vago y malentretenido—“a vagrant and lingerer”—and their women's lives. The army as institution was the locus of various forms
of coercion and old forms of punishment (such as the stakes, whipping, and public executions) most of which affected peasants,
nonresidents, itinerant workers, and the rural youth. This schema was adopted in different areas: in the enrolment and discipline
of the gaucho soldiers, in life in the fortlet-prisons, and in the ritualism of power. The alternative chosen by soldiers
to evade this technology of power and the fortlet-panopticons was escape through desertion. The utility of those observations
is demonstrated, because an important part of the area of research of historical archaeology that has developed with the greatest
impetus in Argentina has taken fortlets as its subject of study. 相似文献
18.
Jiang Sun 《Frontiers of History in China》2011,6(1):53-73
This article explores the relationship between Christianity and Chinese society in the second half of the nineteenth century
by re-examining the primary sources of anti-Christian movements. The first part shows how Christian churches broke the dominance
of the Qing government over local society. Conflicts between Christianity and Chinese religion were often transformed into
political confrontations between churches and the Qing bureaucracy. The second part analyzes how Confucianism, Buddhism, and
Daoism interpreted Christianity, with an emphasis on how to understand the perception of Christianity in Chinese society.
Exploring broader societal perceptions of Christianity—and not just those expressed in the writings of the Confucian literati—allows
for a more nuanced understanding of Chinese interpretations of Christianity. The third part studies the relationship between
churches and Chinese religious sects. On the one hand, in the language of anti-Christian movements such as those of the Zaili
and Cai sects, Christianity was the hateful “Other.” On the other hand, in the process of preaching Christianity, churches
themselves experienced a period of transmutation: they recruited into the church not only non-religious civilians but also
the followers of popular religions. For a long period, Christianity was called yangjiao, the “foreign religion,” making it the “Other.” Missionaries started to feel an urgency to reject their identity as the “Other”
after the harrowing experience of the Boxer Movement. 相似文献
19.
李大龙 《Frontiers of History in China》2008,3(3):323-352
“The Central Kingdom” is pregnant of political implications as well as of geographical and cultural significance. It was believed
that whoever controlled Zhongguo (the Central Kingdom or China) would be the legitimate ruler over Tianxia (the realm under heaven or all under heaven). It was the contention for “the Central Kingdom” among the varieties of dynasties,
notably those established by the Han-Chinese and the various ethnic groups in the northern borderland, that lead to the alternation
of disintegration and unification of the territory. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the unified “Central Kingdom” composed
of a variety of ethnic groups turned into the ideal “realm under heaven” with “the Central Kingdom” at its core, which naturally
put an end to the formation of territory in ancient China.
Translated by Chen Dan from Zhongguo Bianjiang Shidi Yanjiu 中国边疆史地研究 (China’s Borderland History and Geography Studies), 2007, (3): 1–15 相似文献
20.
Magdalena Naum 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2010,17(2):101-131
The article considers the importance of frontier studies in historical archaeology and discusses applicability of some of
the concepts deriving from postcolonial theories for a better understanding of human relationships in the frontier zones.
The conditions of frontiers and borderlands are compared with the characteristics of the “Third Space” described by Homi Bhabha
as a realm of negotiation, translation and remaking. It is argued that concepts developed in postcolonial theories, such as
“Third Space,” “in-betweeness” or hybridity, are useful not only to address cultural and social processes in borderlands that
were created by colonial empires. They are also an apt way to conceptualize relationships in frontiers that lacked colonial
stigma. To illustrate this point, two different historical examples of borderlands are scrutinized in this paper: the medieval
frontier region that emerged between Denmark and the Northwestern Slavic area and the creation of the colonial frontier in
Northeastern America through the establishment of the Praying Indian Towns. 相似文献