试析党的执政方式创新的路径选择

执政方式是执政党在处理与国家、社会以及其它政党的关系时所采用的体制、机制、途径、方法和手段的总称。中国共产党的执政理念是“立党为公、执政为民”,而改进新时期党的执政方式,应从树立科学的执政理念与创新党的执政机制两个方面入手,进而实现党的科学执政、民主执政和依法执政。     

党内民主制度启示

现代社会的政治文明是政党制度文明,尤其是执政党的制度文明。欲使整个社会呈现政治文明,就必须使执政党的执政理念、政治行为纳入党内民主进程,纳入党内制度建设的程序,方显党内公正与党内和谐,以带动整个社会民主与社会和谐。中国的执政党是中国共产党,政党制度是中国共产党领导下的多党合作制。在这样一个宪法原则下,本文试图探讨党内民主与党的制度建设相结合的必然性,以及如何扩大党内民主。     

整合社会的理念与党的自觉执政意识

利益整合是执政党必须履行的职责之一,是政党执政的根本性原则。现阶段社会利益不断分化,新阶层和新团体的出现,更需要通过党的社会整合功能来协调各方面的利益,保障现代化的顺利实现。中国共产党执政意识不断觉醒的过程同时也是一个逐步确立整合社会理念的自觉过程。强化党的执政意识必须建立起与社会主义现代化要求相适应的社会整合机制。     

从构建和谐社会主义社会视角解读执政的合法性

当前,中国社会正处在一个重要发展阶段。执政党能否适应社会的深刻变化,提高构建社会主义和谐社会的能力,关系到中国的发展方向。构建社会主义和谐社会需要强有力的政党权威,而有效的政党权威在很大程度上取决于对执政合法性的应答。因此,笔认为,巩固执政合法性是构建社会主义和谐社会的题中应有之义。执政党必须通过增强执政合法性基础来实现社会主义社会的和谐发展。     

以社会主义核心价值体系为指导构建特色鲜明的执政文化

文化建设是执政党自身建设的重要内容。中国共产党执政文化有着自身的特殊内涵及其构成要素,它形成于我党多年执政实践的过程中。当前,面对世情、国情、党情的新变化和新问题,加强中国共产党执政文化建设,必须以社会主义核心价值体系为指导,从执政党的理想信仰、价值取向、制度规范、行为作风以及政党情感等方面入手,构建特色鲜明的执政文化。     

从马克思"人的全面发展"理论到党的执政能力建设的首要目标

实现人的全面发展是马克思主义政党的终极理想。我们党进行革命和建设的目的,就是为了解放人和发展人。“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观,从本质上把人的全面发展作为党的执政活动的全部目的。党的执政能力建设的首要目标是建设一个“立党为公、执政为民”的执政党,它体现了马克思主义政党的理想追求和价值取向。     

关于培厚良好政治生态土壤的几点思考

政治生态的土壤,主要指为特定政治生态提供思想道德文化滋养的政治文化。由于中国共产党是在13亿人口大国执政并将长期执政的世界最大的执政团体,其所依持的政治文化,必然属于执政文化范畴。任何政党的存在与发展都离不开政党自身的文化及其对文化的理解。一方面,文化在孕育政党的同时,必然赋予政党特定的"文化基因";另一方面,一定的政党又以自己的理论、纲领和制度,来确定自己的文化选择、文化实践和文化创造。因此,政治文化不仅是衡量执政党执政能力的重要标准,而且也是执政能力建设的关键任务。十八届六中全会上,习近平同志明确提出,要注重加强党内政治文化建设,不断培厚良好政治生态的土壤。这一重要思想,抓住了执政党政治生活最深层、最本质的东西,具有极强的现实针对性。     

执政党建设与中国政党制度的民主价值

当代中国正处于剧烈的社会转型期,多元利益诉求引发的政治参与膨胀,对政党制度民主价值的进一步挖掘和发挥提出了更高的要求。执政党党内民主的发展,直接影响到社会民主以及整个国家民主政治发展的进程,而加强执政党的建设则是充分发挥中国政党制度民主价值的关键路径。     

从民主新路到民主执政——中国共产党民主执政理念的历史发展与转变

执政理念是执政党全部执政活动的价值取向。50多年来,从民主新路的提出到“大民主”错误思想的实践,再到依法治国与民主执政主张的提出,中国共产党一直都在不断探索、创新与发展自己的执政理念。总结与吸取我们党以往在民主执政理念方面的历史经验教训,对于现阶段中国共产党的建设有着重要的现实意义。     

浅探中国共产党的执政理念——立党为公,执政为民

本文主要从科学的执政理念的形成;执政理念实践中偏差;制度建设在执政理念贯彻中的重大意义三方面着手分析,指出立党为公、执政为民是马克思主义执政党的鲜明特征,同时也是我们党科学的执政理念。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.