“要X”类连词的语义性质

<正>受假设连词"要"这一核心语素的影响,"要是"、"要不是"、"要不"、"要不然"和"要么"都含有假设义,但程度、用法有同有异。其次"要X"类连词的语义     

明南北国子监刊《史记》三家注合刻本版本系统考

《史记》诞生两千多年来,历代均有抄写刊刻,由白文无注本发展为《史记集解》单注本、《史记集解索隐》二注合刻本及《史记集解索隐正义》三注合刻本,形成了庞大的版本体系.     

The transformation of the Italian party system

Abstract

This article analyses the political and social changes that occurred in Italy in the 1980s and 1990s in ways that bring economic and sociological models together in a historical perspective. It argues that the rise of the new Right following the disintegration of the Christian Democrats and the Socialist Party was the result not only of the changed international situation (which was none the less important) but of the changes that had been taking place within the Italian political parties and the growing importance of neo‐patrimonial tendencies over the previous fifteen years. Increasingly open forms of corruption (on the part of the political classes rather than the industrial bourgeoisie, even though they too were to some extent accomplices) are interpreted as a sign of the crisis and disintegration of the political system that had taken shape in the postwar period. Hence the nexus of anguish and politics for both the upper classes and the rest of Italian society that has become one of the most important features of the situation in Italy today.     

The unbearable lightness of the extrapyramidal system

The concept of the extrapyramidal system comprises an amalgam of disparate and often conflicting ideas with a tortuous history. To the theoretical neuroscientist or practicing clinician, it promptly evokes semantic associations that are hardly reminiscent of its original meaning. The purpose of this article is to revisit the sources of the extrapyramidal concept and to examine the transformations that it went through from its inception, in the late 1890s, up to the neuroimaging revolution of the 1980s. Our review shows that the use of "extrapyramidal" as a surrogate for the basal ganglia, disorders of movement, or certain manifestations of spastic hemiplegia does not apply to humans; rather, it represents the historical product of the unwarranted translation of results of animal experimentation into the interpretation of clinical findings on human patients, misguided clinico-anatomic deductions, and fanciful phylogenetic notions. We conclude that the extrapyramidal concept is a valid and robust anatomic concept as long as it strictly refers to the collection of descending fibers originating in a few discrete brainstem tegmental motor nuclei that project to the spinal cord.     

东西驰骋七百里 栉风沐雨六十天--配合西气东输工程考古发掘纪实

2002年的仲夏,骄阳似火;2002年的初秋,阴雨连绵。配合国家重点工程——西气东输项目山西段的考古发掘是在2002年夏天的高温酷暑中开始的,结束田野工作时已经是仲秋时节。对于所有参加配合西气东输项目建设的工作人员来说,这都是一段难以忘怀的经历。在田野发掘期间,我们以高度负责的精神全身心地投入到工作当中,东西奔波于崇山峻岭、丘陵沟壑、河旁台地,甚至无暇整理一下自己的思路。当这次艰巨的田野发掘工作终于告一段落,我们有时间对此作一个全面的总结时,那东西驰骋,紧张繁忙的60多个日日夜夜、风风雨雨仿佛再一次浮现在我们…     

宗藩体制解体与东北亚乱局

东北亚问题成为国际焦点问题之一,这是近代以来国际局势再演再变的结果.清政府面对近代化压力不得不放弃"王道政治",直面自己的内部问题,力图建立近代国家.对于先前各藩邦受到列强或近邻的侵害,清政府无力亦无心继续予以救助,于是先前行之有效的宗藩体制解体,并导致至今扰攘不宁的东北亚乱局.     

现代志书体系构想

第二轮修志要避免首轮修志时理论不足的问题,可以从现代志书体系来思考,现代志书体系包括理论体系、框架体系、内容体系。理论体系是现代志书编纂的指导原则和基本理念,主要包括关于现代志书自身的本体理论、吸取了现代科学理论营养而形成的相关理论、现代志书编纂思想;框架体系包括框架设计的目的要求、设计标准、框架结构、设计步骤等;内容体系包括基本内容与重点内容、内容的划分、内容的基本单元与要素、内容的构造、内容的基本属性等。     

美国历史上的土地测量制度

土地测量是美国公地处理中的一项重要制度,它为地产的划分和土地的买卖提供了强有力的支持手段.土地测量在美国西部大开发过程中起到难以估量的巨大作用.美国土地测量中的村镇制度经历了村镇移植到村镇划分的嬗变过程,即由先前的人的移植变为后来纯粹的土地的划分.     

The Democratic Party and the restructuring of the Italian party system

Abstract

Out of a quickly performed merger between the Left Democrats and the Daisy, a new party has made its appearance in Italy: the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico – PD). In the summer of 2007 three candidates, Walter Veltroni, Rosy Bindi and Enrico Letta campaigned in order to convince sympathizers and supporters of that, yet non-existing party, that they were worthy of the office of Secretary of the PD. The election of Veltroni contributed to the already existing tensions within the centre-left governmental coalition that led to the demise of Prodi's government and to early elections. In April 2008, though receiving 33 per cent of the vote, the Democratic Party suffered a serious defeat. This article explores the reasons of the defeat and analyses its consequences on the restructuring of the Italian party system and the future of the Italian political system. Unless the Democratic Party is capable of finding an adequate organizational model and of expanding its electoral support beyond the areas of the traditional entrenchment of the former Communist party, the centre-right seems destined to guide Italian politics for some time to come.     

The 2013 elections and the Italian political system

The February 2013 Italian general elections were characterized by the highest volatility to date. Although, thanks to the majority bonus, the Partito Democratico (Democratic Party) obtained the absolute majority of seats in the House of Deputies, it could not be considered the winner of the elections. Lacking a majority in the Senate, it was obliged to form a government with Silvio Berlusconi's party and with the rather small number of parliamentarians elected in former Prime Minister Mario Monti's list. In spite of his last-minute surge, Berlusconi was a clear loser, having lost almost six million votes in respect of his 2008 victory. Comedian Beppe Grillo's Movimento Cinque Stelle (Five Stars Movement) received the highest-ever number of votes for a new entry into any post-war European general election. Unwilling to play the coalitional game and made up of inexperienced and incompetent parliamentarians, Grillo's party has remained isolated and ineffective. The present Italian party system consists of three poles, the Movimento Cinque Stelle playing the role of anti-system party. Institutional reforms and especially reform of the electoral system, which has been struck down by the Constitutional Court, are again the focus of debate. Restructuring of the Italian political system is yet to come.     

官制研究在文献学上的意义

治史,离不开古文献.古文献,作为一切历史性的文字资料,今人利用它,必须通过阅读、鉴别、校勘,予以认真地整理,尽量恢复其原貌、明白其原意.     

赵尔巽与清季狱制近代转型研究简

赵尔巽的罪犯习艺所主张,其实与其长期在地方开办自新所或称自新习艺所的治理实践密切相关的,而非无根之水,更非效法西制。赵尔巽在任职地方创设的自新所,兼有惩戒、教化与施善的职能,这在某种程度上与西方近代狱制理念有一定的暗合,但是却更多的是对清代中叶很多地方自新所的开办实践的借鉴与改进,不可不谓是传统资源的现代转型。     

华侨华人文献信息资源保障体系与共享网络的建设

随着华侨华人社会发展而产生和积累下来的厚重的华侨华人文献信息资源 ,是世界文献信息资源中一个独具特色的组成部分。在几千年的人类文明进步过程中 ,华侨华人文献信息积蓄到了可观的数量 ,其中蕴藏着极大的潜在开发价值。随着国内外网络环境的形成与发展 ,以解决国内文献信息资源共建与共享为目的的宏观文献资源建设理论研究与实践逐步形成了自己的理论体系 ,为华侨华人文献信息的开发与共享提供了有利条件。有组织、有系统、有规模地建立一个互为补充、互为利用、互为推动的华侨华人文献信息资源保障体系与共享网络 ,是本文的主旨所在