OBSERVATION: REDISCOVERING HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE LAND OF NORUMBEGA

Recent appraisals of historical geography range widely in their assessment of the field. Donald Meinig (1989), writing of 'The Historical Geography Imperative,' concludes: 'historical geography is not, has never been, just another item in the proliferating diversity of our grand enterprise. Rather, like physical and environmental geography, it is one of the foundations of the whole enterprise. In its own way historical geography encompasses and contributes to all of geography. Micheal Dear (1988) disagrees. In 'The postmodern challenge: Reconstructing human geography,' he states that historical geography is 'overde-termined,' and 'an empty concept' conveying 'few (if any) significant analytical distinctions …. He concludes that historical geography does 'little more than confirm what geography is about. Both writers agree on the pervasive and comprehensive nature of historical geography, but Dear sees this inclusiveness as more of a cincture, whereas Meinig conveys the fundamental and embracing understanding of geography inherent in the practice of historical geography.     

THE POLITICS OF MEASURING POVERTY AMONG THE ELDERLY

We discuss the special problems associated with efforts to measure poverty among the elderly. Income measures must be adjusted for a variety of non-income sources of well-being such as net worth, human capital, and in-kind, transfers. While such adjustments are needed, efforts to date are problematic to the extent that new sources of error are introduced. A close analysis of official government measures of poverty reveals that they reflect a variety of political assumptions and compromises. Examination of the eligibility criteria associated with various government social programs for the elderly reveal implicit poverty lines that differ from the official poverty lines. The importance of these operational poverty lines cannot be overestimated.     

兰州市老龄人口空间分布及其形成机制

文章运用2000年第五次及2010年第六次人口普查数据,对兰州市主城区老龄人口的空间分布及其形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:兰州市老龄人口增速快,各区增长差异显著,街区差距相对缓和;老龄人口比重呈圈层结构分布,街区间比重差异明显,老龄人口高密度街区范围扩大,空间特征呈现出明显的"双中心"结构;高龄老人增速快,老龄人口性别比下降,空巢家庭日益增加,老年抚养负担加重。其形成机制主要缘于历史沿革、社会发展、人口生育政策以及人口迁移的共同作用。     

VALUES DUALISM AND SOCIAL POLICY AFFECTING THE ELDERLY*

The impact of American values on social policy for and affecting older people is a little explored and complex area. A conceptual framework is developed which reveals the dual and often contradictory nature of the American value system. This framework sets forth the interrelationships of fundamental value-laden issues such as adequacy/equity, work/leisure and religious/secular.     

试析上海市人口老龄化与社会养老设施的发展

人口老龄化对社会和经济发展都有着深刻的影响。上海市人口老龄化近年来发展非常迅速,而且具有强度大,向心增值性等特点。由于家庭小型化和中青年的生活压力增大,在充分重视家庭养老的基础上,社会养老设施仍有相当大的发展空间。从目前的情况来看,上海市社会养老设施的发展严重滞后于其老龄化及新的社会形式的发展,存在较大的供需缺口,并存在着地区结构性不平衡。但也出现了一些令人鼓舞的现象,如社会各方力量更多的参与,托老所的兴起和发展等。本文在对上海市社会养老设施发展现状进行分析之后,提出了应当多渠道,多形式地发展养老设施,在地区布局上应当因地制宜,并应当加强老人福利人员的培训。     

上海城市老年人日常购物活动空间研究

购物活动是老年人日常生活中主要的活动类型之一,对老年人日常购物空间的研究是理解老年人与其周围商业环境相互作用的关键,然而目前国内这方面研究才刚刚起步。本文以上海城市老年人日常活动问卷调查的第一手资料为基础,首先对数据进行汇总得出了上海城市老年人日常购物活动的发生频率、出行距离等总体特征。然后进一步细化,分别总结出各小区老年人的日常购物活动空间模式并进行对比分析,发现市中心老年人的日常购物活动空间比较紧凑,而郊区老年人的日常购物活动空间则相对分散。最后着重从上海市的商业空间及零售业态的变革、商业设施的可达性、老年人购物决策过程三个方面对这种差异性进行了解释。     

基于街道尺度的南京市老年人口空间分布演变研究

基于南京市第五次和第六次人口普查分乡镇、街道数据,通过街道和圈层双尺度分析了人口老龄化的程度差异、空间差异以及空间相关性,探讨南京市街道老年人口的空间分布格局,采用热点区演化分析了街道老年人口的时空演变特征。结果显示:①近10年南京市街道老龄化系数总体上呈现"跨越式"圈层蔓延扩散的空间分布特征,处于老年人口成长阶段的街道由分布在中心城区和主城区的交界地带转变为向主城区蔓延的趋势,轻度老龄化的街道分布在中心城区,中度老龄化阶段的街道集中分布在主城区和郊区,重度老龄化阶段的街道以郊区为主。②街道老年人口密度类型为密集区,密度最高的区域位于中心城区,郊区次之,主城区内密度最低。③南京市街道人口老龄化率呈现显著的空间正相关,随着时间的推移,街道人口老龄化在空间上的差异增大,集聚效应减弱,空间上的发展渐趋不均衡。热点区分布呈现"冷-次冷-次热-热"的圈层式空间分布格局。④从历史因素、人口生命周期、城市变迁三个角度分析了影响南京市老年人口分布和演变的主要因素。     

北京城市老年人购物决策过程中的评价性认知特征

本文以北京城市老年人购物行为问卷调查数据和访谈资料为基础,揭示北京城市老年人购物决策过程中的评价性认知特征。影响北京城市老年人食品类购物决策最主要的三个因素依次为购物地离家距离、食品价格因素和购物地所提供食品种类丰富程度,有低成本主导型的倾向;日用品类购物决策时考虑的最主要的三个因素依次为购物地离家距离及购物地所提供地商品种类丰富程度和商品的价格和质量,有低成本和高收益并重的特点。同时,随着购物地离家距离的增加,距离因素的重要程度有下降的趋势,而商品特性的评价认知重要程度则不断上升。     

迁居对单位老年人日常生活社会网络的影响

社会网络对于老年人的日常活动与生活质量起着至关重要的作用,关系到老年人的身心健康、主观幸福感以及生活满意度等多个维度。本文以单位老年人为研究对象,通过深入观察、追踪研究、结构访谈、案例剖析等质性研究方法,对比迁居前后单位老年人的日常生活与社会交往状态,分析迁居后单位老年人应对新居住空间与原有社会交往空间分离下的日常活动与交往模式的调整与变化,重点剖析迁居老年人与原单位社区之间的互动,进而归纳迁居对单位老年人社会网络的影响机制,并从老年人迁居与社会交往的互动关系的角度提出相关的老龄政策。     

身体、情感与空间：老年人休闲旅居的具身体验

在新的流动范式认识下，“旅居”的出游方式因为更加自由和舒适的体验得到老年群体的青睐，当前研究主要关注偏“精英”色彩的老年人“旅居”现象，聚焦探讨这些现象背后的系列问题，但忽视了现象本身。目前一种更加大众化的老年人“旅居”现象得到蓬勃发展，但对其深层内涵与价值的探究鲜有见者。研究基于具身认知，聚焦现象本身，通过改良旅游者具身体验研究框架，采用既定程序的文本分析方法对样本深度访谈内容进行分析。研究发现，上述现象可参与群体广泛，舒适的异地休闲需求显著，活动具有高度的群体情感特性，承接空间接近过程相对轻松，舒适停留条件良好，老年人的日常休闲活动和社交群体能够更为便利和大众化的在异地实现有效延续与发展。研究将该现象命名为老年人休闲旅居，其能够成为老年人居家养老生活的有益补充，有重要现实意义。     

ELDERLY MOBILITY IN A RURAL AREA: THE EXAMPLE OF SOUTHWEST MANITOBA

Elderly mobility patterns often constitute a greater challenge in rural areas, where the location of infrastructure and services can prove less flexible and decision making can be more difficult. In this paper, mobility decisions of elderly movers are assessed, and compared with a control group of 'stayers'. These groups appear to act to some extent as different populations. Nonmovers are apprehensive about the future, while many movers see positive outcomes resulting from their relocation. Service and support policies are discussed. If rural-dwelling seniors are not to be 'forced' or 'imposed upon' to move, then policies must be enacted that build more creative support systems.
Les types de migration des personnes agées présentent souvent un plus grand défi dans les milieux ruraux, oùľemplacement de ľinfrastructure et des services peut être moins flexible et où la prise de décisions peut être plus difficile. Dans cette étude on évalue les décisions des vieux de se déplacer en comparaison a vec un groupe de contrôle qui est resté sur place. II semble que ces deux groupes agissent dans une certaine mesure comme deux populations différentes. Ceux qui restent s'inquiètent de ľavenir, tandis que plusieurs de ceux qui se déplacent prévoient des résultats positifs de leurs migrations. On discute les politiques de service et de soutien. Pour éviter les migrations 'forcées' ou 'obligatoires' des personnes
agées dans les milieux ruraux, il faut promulguer des politiques qui produiront des systèmes de soutien plus créateurs.
Mots-clés: vieillissement, personnes agées, rural, mo-bilité, migration     

EFFECT OF LIVING ARRANGEMENT ON THE HEALTH STATUS OF ELDERLY IN INDIA

Epidemiological studies show strong association between lack/inadequate family support with increased mortality and poor health among the elderly. This study examined the effect of living arrangement on elderly health status by analysing the data of 39,694 persons aged 60 and above included in India's second National Family Health Survey conducted in 1998–1999. Results indicate that elderly who are living alone are likely to suffer more from both chronic illnesses, such as asthma and tuberculosis, and acute illnesses, such as malaria and jaundice, than those elderly who are living with their family, even after controlling for the effects of a number of socio-economic, demographic, environmental and behavioural confounders. The findings have important programme and policy implications for countries such as India, which has the second largest elderly population in the world. There is a strong need for the implementation of specific public support systems and health care strategies focused on the elderly population in general and elderly living alone in particular.     

城市建成环境如何影响老年人体力活动——模型构建与大连实证

针对建成环境与老年人体力活动关系研究中,较少定量刻画其与社会、心理要素交互作用的不足,本文构建了三者交互影响下的体力活动关系模型。研究发现：①老年人体力活动参与率整体不高,性别与家庭结构差异在活动表现形式上存在不同。②活动意向未能有效触发老年人体力活动,自我效能感是其重要参考因素;建成环境、社会资本对老年人体力活动的影响,由直接或间接通过自我效能感中介完成,心理健康作用则未显现。③家庭结构存在调节作用,建成环境单一要素对空巢老人体力活动的作用并不明显,但其对与子女共同居住老年人影响稳健。④社会资本是建成环境发挥空间干预老年人体力活动作用的重要前提;环境对公共健康的影响,更应采应取组合式干预策略。     

社区建成环境对老年人社会交往活动的影响研究

我国正步入老龄化社会,社会交往活动对实现健康老龄化具有积极作用,深入理解社区建成环境对老年人社会交往活动的影响,是促进老年人身心健康的重要途径.本文基于2015年"第四次中国城乡老年人生活状况抽样调查"数据,运用多水平回归模型,重点考察社区建成环境对老年人社会交往活动的影响.研究发现,我国老年人36％的社会交往水平差异...     

HEALTH AND ITS IMPACT ON WORK AND DEPENDENCY AMONG THE ELDERLY IN JAPAN

The present study seeks to provide new evidence on the determinants of retirement for older Japanese men and women, using a unique longitudinal survey of households, the Nihon University Japan Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NUJLSOA). One of the major findings of the present study is that the primary determinant of the probability of remaining in work between 1999 and 2003 was changes in health status as measured by the change in the number of NAGI limitations. Using the same data set, this study also investigates how the status of health affects the degree to which the Japanese elderly expect to rely on their children for old-age security. The computed results were somewhat surprising. The respondent's health status was not statistically significant, but the health status of the respondent's spouse affected the probabilities of the respondent's expectation to rely on children in both 2001 and 2003.     

COMPONENTS OF CHANGE IN THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELDERLY POPULATION IN ONTARIO, 1976–1986

Although the elderly population is increasing rapidly in all parts of Canada, the pattern of change is far from uniform. A number of properties of the aging process are strongly differentiated at the county and township levels, variations which have considerable significance for the design and implementation of social service and health care systems. Using data from the 1976, 1981, and 1986 Censuses for Ontario, components of change in the elderly population are obtained by cohort survival methods. The significance of rapid metropolitan growth of the elderly compared with the slow growth of the rural elderly is highlighted, while intra-county distributional shifts in the elderly population raise important questions for the next decade.
Quoique l'âge de la population augmente rapidement à travers le Canada, ce changement nes'opèrepas de façon uniforme. Certaines caractéristiques du processus de vieillissement sont vraiment differentes à l'échelle des comtés et des municipalités. Ces différences sont d'une grande importance lors de la création etde l'implantation des services-santé et des services sociaux. À l'aide des statistiques de recensement pour les années 1976, 1981, et 1986 pour l'Ontario, les facteurs de changement des populations de personnes âgées sont obtenus au moyen des paramètres de 'survie des groupes.' La signification du taux d'accroissement rapide des personnes â gés en milieu urbain comparé au taux d'accroissement plus lent de ces mêmes personnes en milieu rural est mise en évidence. Les variations de la distribution de cette population d'un comtéà I'autre soulèvent d'importantes interrogations pour la prochaine décade .