Eighteenth-century Copenhagen viewed from a refuse dump

Abstract

The excavation of a town refuse dump in Copenhagen has recovered a remarkably rich and varied assemblage of artefacts including ceramics, glass, animal bones, feathers, textiles, gloves, woollen socks, silk stockings and shoes. They were deposited c. 1750–65, but include many objects dating from the early years of the 18th century. Because the deposits were waterlogged, various unusual types of organic evidence were preserved. This paper gives an introduction to the site and its material, and outlines some of its research potential.     

In Search of Causality: A Regional Approach to Urban Growth in Eighteenth-century England

The simple equation of industrialisation and urbanisation contains much truth: recent national surveys confirm that rapid coal-based industrial growth spawned massive urban development in Britain. And yet at the local level a wide diversity of growth experiences reflect a complex and overlapping nexus of growth stimuli which defy attempts at generalisation. In taking a regional perspective, this paper seeks to occupy a productive middle ground in this ongoing debate. Placing urban growth in north-west England into its real economic and geographical context, it recognises the complexities of urban growth but transcends the narrowness of the particular. In so doing, it challenges some of the certainties of industrial urbanisation, emphasising instead the importance of rural industry, urban commercial functions and inter-place linkages. Most fundamentally, it argues for a more nuanced understanding of the geography of causality.     

The Ballast Trade: An Economic Driver In Seventeenth- And Eighteenth-century Newcastle Upon Tyne

The domination of the economy of Newcastle upon Tyne by the coal industry during the seventeenth- and eighteenth - centuries is well known. Many ships arriving to collect a cargo of coal did not carry cargo but carried ballast, often in the form of sand or gravel. Over many years a vast quantity of ballast was deposited along the banks of the river, often spilling into the water, causing obstruction to river traffic. The management of ballast became a major pre-occupation for the Burgesses of Newcastle and a complex organisation evolved to manage the problem. Ships masters paid fees to the town to deposit ballast at ballast staiths which was then conveyed to the ballast hills at some distance from the river. The cumulative amount of these fees provided a substantial income both to the town and the Ballast Conveyors who leased and ran the ballast staiths, resulting in significant competition between the leading citizens in the town to obtain a lease to work a ballast shore. The ballast trade and its associated social, political and business networks played a very important and previously little understood role in the economy of Newcastle during this period.     

The Cais do Sodré Shipwreck,Lisbon, Portugal

The timber remains of a shipwreck, probably dating to the late‐15th or early‐16th century and found in 1995 at Cais do Sodré, Lisbon, Portugal, during the construction of a subway station, are described and analysed. © 2011 The Authors     

1755年里斯本大地震：论一场自然灾害的历史影响力

直到今天,1755年底摧毁了非洲西北部与伊比利亚半岛大部分地区的地震与海震,仍然在“里斯本大地震”的标题下作为事件存在在欧洲与德国人的记忆中。这与许多对这一自然事件进行解释与评论的,随着逐渐扩大的时间距离也把它用作隐喻的文本有着密切的关系。但是这些文本不能解释,为什么这一事件在远离其发生地点的德语国家与地区会产生惊人的热烈反响。本文对当时的观察与解释模式的分析表明,除了家庭或商业关系以及当时流行的对恐怖事件的乐趣以外,更重要的是通过想象产生的经历的共同性,是它为该事件的广泛流传与深入解释提供了基础。“里斯本地震”被与各地的自然经历联系在一起,使当代人感到其现实性,随后,它成为许多“小”故事的固定组成部分,并且与它们一起流传下来。     

Geoarchaeological insights from a Roman age incineration feature (ustrinum) at Enconsta de Sant'Ana (Lisbon,Portugal)

Ustrina are incineration funerary structures that are relatively common in Roman age cemeteries. Salvage excavations at Encosta de Sant'Ana (Lisbon, Portugal) in 2002 brought to light a part of the necropolis of the Roman town of Olisipo, including some ustrina. One of them, designated Burial 1 during fieldwork, is analyzed here from a geoarchaeological viewpoint to understand the formation processes of such an archaeological feature, namely its construction technique, use and function. The study of site context and subsurface pedofeatures, and the application of archaeological soil micromorphology, revealed that the ustrinum was constructed digging a hollow in bedrock and building a mud-brick ridge around it, with raw material taken from the local bedrock. The structure was used at various times and remodelled at least once, and its base was not always thoroughly cleaned – according to the custom called “pars pro toto” by Roman authors – and probably left open when not in use.     

自然启示录：1755年里斯本地震海啸对葡萄牙社会的冲击和影响

1755年里斯本大地震—海啸是欧洲近现代历史上最具破坏力的一次地震,也是欧洲迄今为止直接遭遇的最大一次海啸。关于此次地震原因之争、葡萄牙在震后重建中采取的一系列举措,对政治、经济、思想、教育、文化、宗教等诸多社会历史方面均产生了重要影响,主要体现在削弱了宗教势力、加强了世俗权力和中央集权,促进了全国性抗灾机制的首建,对启蒙运动和地震学的发展等起了相当大的推动作用。     

民间社会冲突与清代中国的经济变迁——步德茂眼中的18世纪中国产权制度与暴力纠纷

近年来,不少明清经济史学者对18世纪中国经济发展程度提出了新的评估,强调直至进入19世纪之前,中国江南地区的经济发展其实并不逊于英国、西欧或世界其他任何地区。诸如R.Bin Wong(王国斌)的《ChinaTransformed:Historical Change and the Limits ofEuropean Experience》(Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1997)和Kenneth Po-meranz(彭慕兰)的《The Great Divergence:China,Europe,and the Making of the ModernWorld Economy》(Princeton and Oxford:Prince-ton University Press,2000),这些论著都是从正面肯定明…     

Migrations and the Rise of African Lisbon: Time-Space of Portuguese (Post)coloniality

Portugal is arguably the European nation with the longest experience with “colonialism” in a variety of configurations, historical moments, and geographical contexts. Yet, given its perennially peripheral status from a geopolitical and economic standpoint, the Portuguese (post-)colonial experience has not been an object of attention outside of the field of Lusophone Studies. This essay provides a brief historical overview to understand the breadth and depth of the Portuguese (post)colonial experience; offers a conceptual map of Portuguese postcoloniality where ideologies of affect and exceptionalism such as Lusotropicalism play a key role; highlights the centrality of immigration for an understanding of Portuguese society — particularly African immigration and its nexus with the history of colonialism and racism that reverberates in national debates around race, ethnicity, and interculturality; provides a brief account of the rise of an Afro-Portuguese culture; and presents short readings of Portuguese cinematic texts that exemplify ethical and aesthetic praxes bringing marginalized black subjects to the center of representation in the quest for social and cultural citizenship.     

《里斯本条约》后欧盟移民权利政策及对中国移民权利保护的思考

论文分析阐述了欧盟移民权利观从控制移民到尊重移民权利的转变和里斯本条约后的欧盟政策移民权利保护的途径,并对增强欧盟中国移民权利保护提出了思考与建议。里斯本条约生效后,欧盟移民一体化领域的制度有了新的条约基础,在移民一体化法律和政策方面形成了特殊的制度框架。欧盟从以移民控制为主的政策制定的出发点,转变为以尊重移民的基本权利为导向,倡导建立在移民权利观基础上的新的移民一体化政策,为保护中国移民权利提供了新的思路。作为中国移民的国籍国,中国应在与欧盟的移民双边合作及多边合作中以移民权利保护为重心,并加强中国移民个人及移民团体的权利保护能力,重视从国际法的角度保护中国移民,从而促进欧盟中国移民的经济和社会权利。