汉画像石文字考释

本文对汉代画像石文字中的通借字、异体字作了介绍和探讨,对某些疑难字作了具体辨识,为了解、研究汉代文字面貌及增补《碑别字新编》等工具书提供了新的资料。     

磨制石器类型学的分类原则与术语界定——以大辛庄商代石器为例

<正>对事物的分类是古代人类社会文化生活中的一种重要的比较自觉的行为和客观现象,人们在从事生产和生活时都会根据自己的标准进行自觉的分类活动。当然这些标准产生于特定的文化社会背景和思想意识,这就给我们今天的探寻以实际上有效的线索。所以考古研究中的器物分类是我们研究和复原古代文化的一条重     

湖北郧县人遗址石器的第二步加工

郧县人遗址中发现的石器第二步加工的特点是大部分用石锤来直接进行加工;打击方向垂直或接近于垂直;修整痕迹多浅、平;加工方向大部分为单向加工,少数为交互加工、转向加工的;在两刃或两刃以上的石器中,不同边缘的加工方向相同的多,不同的少。郧县人遗址中的石器特征与国内外的旧石器时代早期石器进行对比,在石器的第二步加工技术方面,有着自己鲜明的特点,从而构成了独具特色的“郧县人文化”。     

Developing FTIR Microspectroscopy for the Analysis of Animal-Tissue Residues on Stone Tools

The analysis of microscopic residues on stone tools provides one of the most direct ways to reconstruct the functions of such artifacts. However, new methods are needed to strengthen residue identifications based upon visible-light microscopy. In this work, we establish that reflectance Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) can be used to document IR spectra of animal-tissue residues on experimental stone tools. First, we present a set of reflectance FTIRM standards for the most commonly identified animal-tissue residues on stone tools: skin, meat, fat, hair, blood, feather barbules, fish scales, and bone. We provide spectral peak assignments for each residue and demonstrate that high-quality reflectance FTIRM spectra can be generated under ideal circumstances. Second, we document the spectra for these residues when they are located on a stone substrate such as flint or obsidian. We discuss procedures for correcting spectra that are affected by specular reflection and explain the effects of spectral interference from the stone. Our results show that reflectance FTIRM is sensitive to small intra-sample differences in composition. This means that it will record the effects of decomposition in ancient residues. The methodological developments we present here will help lithic residue analysts incorporate in situ reflectance FTIRM into their analysis protocols to strengthen identifications.     

汉画像砖石的考古学释读

本文从全新的角度释读汉画像砖石,指出正确认识汉画像砖石的四原则:一是三维空间的角度,即从空间场景或“透视”的角度,来解读汉画像砖石;二是“自下而上,自右而左”的顺序,甚或是自下而上、自右而左的“连环画式”(或称“过程式”)的解读顺序;三是整体思维的观念,包括画面局部、各块画像砖石、画像砖石与墓葬建筑之间,以及墓葬、祠堂、汉阙等墓葬建筑组合等;四是综合考察法,应联系汉代人们的生活习俗、哲学观念、思想认识、社会经济发展、当时的建筑技术水平等,结合古代文献,尤其应密切联系当前的考古学成果等加以综合考察.文章结合古代典籍、考古发掘实物资料和现代论著等,进行了系统的分析和论证.     

多重影像建模技术在打制石器制图及分析中的应用

石器照相与绘图工作是石器整理和研究工作的基础,将多重影像建模技术应用在石制品的整理工作当中,可以促进石器制图和数字化影像记录的精准化,克服传统制图及拍照中存在的难点。运用PhotoScan软件进行石器三维建模分两步:一是获取合适的照片作为参考数据来源,二是将拍摄的照片在软件内处理、建模并调整。获得石器的三维模型后,在此基础上进行石器绘图和后期研究。多重影像建模技术在多种类型石器资料整理中优势明显,在未来石器三维模型深入研究中意义重大。     

良渚文化石器装柄技术的重要物证

新石器时代多数石器需要安柄使用,但木柄之类的有机质遗存极难保存。由于南湖等地具备特殊的埋藏环境,良渚文化带柄石器的实物竟有成批出土。本文首次公布这些珍贵的装柄石器实物资料,并系统介绍了良渚文化带柄石器出土的历史和现状,对带柄石器的安装和使用进行了初步探讨,相信对良渚文化石器的研究能产生推动作用。     

一件海外回流石棺床之我见

2004年,中国文物信息咨询中心征集到一件流失海外多年的石棺床,随后入藏首都博物馆。本文首次对这件石棺床进行了详细的介绍,并与同类石棺床的结构、画像风格、年代进行了比较研究,同时还对带有屏风、双阙结构石棺床的定名和使用功能进行了探讨。     

Analytical and Ethical Issues Concerning Organic Residues on Paleolithic Chipped Stone Tools from NW Greece

Abstract

The Upper Paleolithic strata of Kastritsa, a rockshelter on the bank of Lalle Pamvotis, near Ioannina (NW Greece), yielded two chipped stone artifacts with surface residues originally assumed to be of Organic composition. The history of analyses of these specimens reveals that there is a need to discuss problems in the identification of Organic residues, and that the ethical aspect of destructive analysis of ancient remains should be considered. One issue is the relationship between archaeology and the hard sciences, and this case study is a cautionary tale revealing that archaeological interpretation is subject to false optimism regarding archaeometrical research that is inexact, partially published, or poorly understood.     

蒙古包溯源

蒙古包在汉史籍中古称穹闾、穹庐、毡帐、旃毡等,它被称为蒙古包,约是在满族祖先女真与蒙古族频繁接触的南宋前后,满语称“家”为“博”,呼蒙古人的家日“蒙古博”,取其谐音,而作蒙古包。其形成、发展经历了漫长的过程,它是包括蒙古族在内的生活于北方草原游牧民族富于智慧的杰出创造。     

Continental Patterns in Stone Tools: A Technological and Biplot-Based Comparison of Early Late Pleistocene Assemblages from Northern and Southern Africa

The technology of the end products i.e. blades and points in Late Pleistocene stone artefact assemblages from Klasies River, South Africa, and the Nile Valley, Egypt, are compared. The comparison includes univariate and multivariate analysis of metrical attributes enhanced by graphical biplot displays. The end products in these assemblages are either dominantly points or blades and this is related to the core reduction strategy adopted. The MSA 11 from Klasies River and the Nubian Complex industry from the Nile Valley are point industries made in the Levallois tradition, while the MSA 1 from Klasies River and the Taramsan from the Nile Valley may be non-Levallois or adapted Levallois blade industries. Dating of the assemblages shows the changes between dominant core reduction strategies are sequential and time restricted in both South and North Africa. It is concluded that variability of the same kind occurs in Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic assemblages south and north of the Sahara in the early Late Pleistocene.Dans cet article, les technologies des produits recherchés, des lames et des pointes, pour certains ensembles lithiques de Klasies River, Afrique du Sud et la Vallée du Nil, Egypte, sont comparées. Cette comparaison implique des analyses univariées et multivariées de variables métriques biplot. Les produits recherchés sont bien des pointes que des lames, selon les stratégies dexploitation adoptées. Le MSA II de Klasies River et le Complexe nubien de la Vallée du Nil sont des industries à pointes issues de la tradition Levallois. Par contre, le MSA I de Klasies River et le Taramsien de la Vallée du Nil évoquent une technologie de production non-Levallois ou Levallois modifiée. Les éléments de datation disponibles indiquent que les changements dans la prépondérance des stratégies dexploitation senchaînent dans une séquence chronologique bien identifiable, aussibien dans lAfrique du Sud que lAfrique du Nord. On arrive à la conclusion quune variabilité du même caractère est attestée dans les ensembles du Middle Stone Age et du Paléolithique moyen au sud et au nord du Sahara, pendant le Pléistocène supérieur ancien.     

香炉石遗址与香炉石文化

香炉石遗址是鄂西清江中游的一处早期巴化遗址,出土遗物较丰富,计有石器、陶器、骨器、铜器、甲骨和陶印章等物近万件,已被研究命名为“香炉石化”(即早期巴化),其时限为距今4000～3000年间,属我国青铜时代一种地域性的考古学化。香炉石化的人们多居住在河流两旁的台地上,其经济生活以渔猎为主,采集和种植为辅。该化的源头,从陶器中的罐釜等炊具的形制特征看,可追溯到大溪化和城背溪化,香炉石化的明程度较高,这里出土了迄今为止我国最早的陶印章和商周时期的大批甲骨,就是最好的说明。     

Traces of a computational mind

The image of writing is singularly frequent in cognitivistic explanations of the functioning of mind, not only as a metaphor but also as a conceptual paradigm: the Turing machine, particularly, displays a complete structural isomorphism with the use of alphabetical writing. The Turing machine performs exactly the same operations carried out by a man writing with pen and paper and this depends on two reasons: 1. it has been conceived in image and likeness of the human concrete practice of writing; 2. it is the typical product of the western rationality, whose development has been made possible only by the specific features of the alphabetical treatment of information. This is useful to understand why the mind started being depicted as a writing machine just when the alphabet began spreading: a genealogical investigation will show how in mnemotechnics treatises and in Plato's and Aristotle's metaphysics we can find the very first foundation of every logico-symbolical model of mind.     

Introduction: The Materiality of Traces and Legacies

This Special Issue presents issues in contemporary archaeological theory and practice as influenced by the work of H. Martin Wobst. Wobst came to study in the U.S. nearly 50 years ago and has contributed to many changes in the theory and practice of archaeology since then. Though the papers cover a wide range of topics they share common interests in seeing materiality as constitutive of culture, archaeologists as participants in the present as well as observers of the past, and an interest in transcending traditional definitions of archaeological research.     

Traces of History and Ethnology in the Local Names of Gloucestershire

Aspects of burial custom in Roman Britain which seem to be influenced by Roman ideas include burials found accompanied by coins, eggs, charcoal, phials, which once contained perfume, and ritual objects, such as jugs and pateras. The implications of these customs are considered together with the significance of symbolism displayed on tombstones. Discussion of funerary ritual, as it might have been practised in Roman Britain, includes the portrayal of the funerary banquets on tombstones. It is concluded, on the evidence available, that burial custom, like religious thought, was a matter of personal choice, partly because the Romans did not attempt to prescribe funerary practice, except in the law relating to the positioning of cemeteries, and partly because of the strong influence of Celtic religious belief surviving in Roman Britain.