Enterprise in Some Working-Class Communities: Cotton Manufacturing in North-east Lancashire and West Craven,c. 1880 to 1914

Abstract

This article studies the social origins and careers of 60 cotton manufacturers in two of the towns in which the room and power system was well established in England before the First World War. It demonstrates that most were from working-class and lower-middle-class families and, as new entrants, they benefited greatly from access to room and power. Even so, money was needed for machinery and working capital, and technical, managerial and commercial experience were essential. It was unlikely that an operative would succeed as a manufacturer unless these prerequisites could be met. The room and power system was the operating context for mature businesses as well as for new entrants, and many successful manufacturers became directors of mill companies of which they were also tenants.     

The Transport Industry in the West and East Zones of the USSR

The levels of development of production and transportation are compared for the western and eastern zones of the USSR. The low density of the transport net in the East, combined with the high cost of transport construction and a manpower shortage, tends to favor the development of large industrial complexes within limited areas making use of the zone's unique natural resource base. Such areally concentrated development would reduce the need for local transport systems and make more investment available for the more efficient mainline routes. The western zone, with its virtually continuous economic development and denser transport net, favors a more uniform location of production and the increasing location of industry in small and middle-size cities, which would ease the load on heavily used mainline transport routes and make greater use of local forms of transportation, including motor freight.     

铁路与近代郑州棉业的发展

郑州地处平汉、陇海铁路的结点,交通区位优势得以彰显,铁路遂成为其近代棉业发展的容媒和助力器.近代铁路的筑成,促进了沿线地区棉花生产的区域化与商品化.交通网络和贸易网络的互动,使得近代郑州的棉花贸易体系初步形成,棉花转运、堆栈、打包诸业迅速兴起,郑州亦发展成为近代中国三大原棉转运市场之一.在影响近代郑州棉业发展的诸多因素中,铁路的作用最为显著,这也是铁路交通功能型城市近代工商业发展的普遍特征.     

论金圣叹批评本《西厢记》的艺术体制

金圣叹批评本《西厢记》作为一个独立的《西厢记》评点本,在清代出现了诸多的版本,引起了戏曲界和出版界的广泛兴趣,这是一个值得探讨的现象。本文试从金圣叹批评本《西厢记》的结构体制出发,分别从其评点的主要形式——总批、节批和夹批,讨论其表现出的艺术特征,并简要分析"金批西厢"评点的思想内容和方法技巧,对其在思想和艺术上的得失做出了一定的评价。     

从云锦公所到铁机公会--近代苏州丝织业同业组织的嬗变

苏州丝织手工业历史悠久,云锦公所为其行会组织。明末清初以后。社会经济的发展导致行会制度开始动摇,行会功能遭到削弱。清朝末期,随着中国社会经济发生深刻变化,苏州丝织业云锦公所的旧式行会色彩日益淡化。虽仍沿用旧称,但与传统社会里的纯粹行会组织已经不可同日而语,表现出向资产阶级同业团体过渡的特征。到民国年间,在苏州丝织业生产方式和经营方式发生根本变化的同时,云锦公所也完成了自身的转化,演变为资产阶级同业组织的成熟形态——“铁机丝织业同业公会”。     

铁路与近代河南的棉业发展(1906—1937)

在1906至1937年间的华北地区,铁路兴起并形成运输网络之后,加速了河南与沿海地区的经贸交流,推动了经济由传统向现代转型。由此,河南棉花的种植模式、运销体系、集散行业等均发生了极富时代特色的变动。同时,由于传统的自然经济依然存在,这一转变过程又表现出很强的复杂性和普遍性。这一时段内河南棉业极具典型性,通过对其发展与变化情况的具体考察,揭示了中国区域经济由传统向现代转变的主要特征及一般规律。     

清代前期棉花棉布的运销

本文通过对清代前期棉花、棉布在全国各地运销情况的历史考察,说明在清代前期,全国绝大部分州县的棉花、棉布是自给不足,或者是自给有余的,人们都要依靠棉花或者棉布市场。正是大多数人的这种需求,才形成了棉花、棉布在省际间、县际间、城乡间、乡村间的流通。这也是棉花、棉布流通的最基本条件。     

日伪的鸦片毒化政策对东北农村社会的影响

日伪统治时期,日本在东北大力推行鸦片毒化政策,从鸦片专卖到鸦片断禁及战时体制下的烟禁大开,均表现出明显的阶段性。东北农村成为鸦片种植和生产的主要基地,烟毒泛滥给东北农村社会带来了极其恶劣的影响,使地利民生两受其害,包括对粮田的占用、对粮食生产的冲击及农业生产力的破坏,严重地影响了农业生产的均衡发展;广大农民因为种植鸦片,生活极度贫困;广大烟农更因吸食鸦片而倾家荡产,身心受到极大摧残与破坏,致使民众心理畸变,犯罪率攀升,严重败坏了社会道德与社会风气,东北农村成为地道的烟毒地狱。     

For the Illumination of Tibet——State Aid in Power Industry

The State Grid Corporation of China （the State Grid for short） is in charge of powerconstruction in the whole country. Attaching great importance to promoting the development of Tibet, it adopts the policy of aiding Tibet in projects, technology and cultivation of talents, playing an important role in the socio-economic development of Tibet.     

唐宋时期福建与东北亚的交往和移民

唐、五代时期 ,随着沿海地区的大规模开发和人口的大量增多 ,福建的对外贸易和其他往来发展了起来 ,和东北亚各国也开始有了商业、文化等方面的交往 ,并且有人由于政治或宗教原因而移居那里。到了宋代 ,福建的经济、文化空前发展 ,对外贸易达到鼎盛阶段 ,与东北亚的交往和移民也随之进入历史的高潮 ,不仅来往的次数频繁 ,而且人数众多。这些情况说明 ,唐、宋时期的福建不但与东南亚有大量往来 ,而且与东北亚也产生了许多交往 ,其对外开放是全方位、多角度的。     

On Bosses of Roman Shields Found in Northumberland and Lancashire

The paper presents and analyses 46 new radiocarbon measurements undertaken at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit with the aim of critically evaluating the existing chronology for Bronze Age metalwork. Samples chosen, from both old museum collections and more recent finds, were all organics in immediate physical contact with various types of bronze object; indeed the great majority were in direct functional association. Contextual integrity was further monitored by the identification of wood species and the estimation of growth stage, which was found consistently to be modest. The scientific procedures employed allowed the generation of dates with good precision and cross-referenced through control samples to the dendrochronological master curves.

Although one of the first attempts in Europe to radiocarbon date Bronze Age metalwork systematically, the results have yielded a coherent picture which confirms the broad outline of the traditional sequence. However, calibration followed by statistical analysis does point to the need to stretch the chronology of the middle—late bronze age metalwork assemblages backwards, by varying amounts, revisions which were in part anticipated from recent dating research on the continent. Re-dating has been most dramatic for Wilburton metalwork, the dating of which had not been shifted since 1979. For clarity the newly proposed chronology is pegged to a series of single dates each marking the fulcrum of a transition between assemblages. While the current data set suggests that assemblage overlaps were not prolonged, more data will be needed if durations are to be estimated better. The existing results do, however, already show the potential for establishing more subtle trends in the development of Bronze Age metalwork.     

试论抗战时期中国西部工业之进步

由于历史的原因,使得进入近代社会以后的中国西部地区的工业经济,远较东部沿海地区落后。而落后的西部地区在抗战爆发、东部沿海相对富庶的地区沦陷后,是不能承担抗击日本侵略的重任的。为此,国民党中央政府在抗战前后采取多种措施,以促进中国西部经济的开发和进步,其中西部地区的工业在抗战时期的发展最为明显,并成为国民政府支撑艰苦卓绝的八年抗战最为重要的支柱之一。