A RADAR POSITION-FIXING SYSTEM FOR MARINE MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS

A radar position-fixing instrument utilized in a marine archaeological magnetometer survey system is discussed. The position-fixing system provides highly accurate location data for each magnetometer reading and display for navigation purposes on a track plotter. The data is recorded automatically on magnetic tape.     

THE EVOLUTION OF A PILGRIMAGE AS A SPATIAL-SYMBOLIC SYSTEM

The evolution of a popular circular Buddhist pilgrimage to 88 sacred places on Shikoku Island, Japan, reflects the dynamic nature of pilgrimage. The pilgrimage, of eighth-century origin and associated with Kobo Daishi, was gradually established and elaborated as a spatial system which also assumed symbolic value. Relocations of some temples, a shift in the embarkation point, changes in the sequence of temple visiting, and a decrease in the time and distance of the journey are the spatial adjustments through which the pilgrimage has evolved to the present. L'évolution d'un pèlerinage bouddhiste populaire formant un circuit de 88 lieux sacrés sur l'Ile Shikoku au Japon reflète la nature dynamique du pèlerinage. Le pèlerinage, dont les débuts datent de huit siècles et qu'on associe au Kobo Daishi, fut progressivement établi et élaboré en tant que système spatial qui, en même temps, prend une valeur symbolique. Le déménagement de certains temples, un changement de points de départ, des changements dans l'ordre des temples à visiter et une diminution de l'élément spatio-temporelle du voyage constituent des ajustements à travers lesquelles le pèlerinage a évolué jusqu'à nos jours.     

THE EVOLUTION OF A PILGRIMAGE AS A SPATIAL-SYMBOLIC SYSTEM

The evolution of a popular circular Buddhist pilgrimage to 88 sacred places on Shikoku Island, Japan, reflects the dynamic nature of pilgrimage. The pilgrimage, of eighth-century origin and associated with Kobo Daishi, was gradually established and elaborated as a spatial system which also assumed symbolic value. Relocations of some temples, a shift in the embarkation point, changes in the sequence of temple visiting, and a decrease in the time and distance of the journey are the spatial adjustments through which the pilgrimage has evolved to the present.
L'évolution d'un pèlerinage bouddhiste populaire formant un circuit de 88 lieux sacrés sur l'Ile Shikoku au Japon reflète la nature dynamique du pèlerinage. Le pèlerinage, dont les débuts datent de huit siècles et qu'on associe au Kobo Daishi, fut progressivement établi et élaboré en tant que système spatial qui, en même temps, prend une valeur symbolique. Le déménagement de certains temples, un changement de points de départ, des changements dans l'ordre des temples à visiter et une diminution de l'élément spatio-temporelle du voyage constituent des ajustements à travers lesquelles le pèlerinage a évolué jusqu'à nos jours.     

DRAWING POTSHERDS: A LOW-COST COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM

When an archaeological site is investigated large numbers of potsherds may be recovered. These have to be drawn. This is a very time-consuming and labour-intensive task which is usually undertaken by skilled draughtsmen. The system described in this paper aims to speed the process of sketching potsherds by using software techniques developed for computer-aided drawing (CAD), together with hardware which allows the user to digitize the profile of a sherd. The resulting system is cheap and portable, and may be used in the field in conjunction with a battery-powered computer. A novel method of calculating the position of the original axis of a pot has also been developed for sherds lacking a section o f rim or base.     

旅游解说系统研究——以北京为例

本文介绍了旅游解说系统的基本概念,并以北京为案例,在实证调查的基础上,讨论了北京市面向旅游者的解说系统的类型、各类型的特点和存在问题,为提高城市总体旅游管理和服务水平,提供可操作的依据。     

MEASURING THE DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH*

The Multiregional Variable Input-Output (MRVIO) model is introduced to measure the development impact of a transportation system. The MRVIO model is a theoretically flexible, computationally simple, and cost-responsive model. Under the MRVIO model, regional input-output coefficients, trade coefficients, and trade flows become cost responsive and easy to compute. The MRVIO model is employed to measure the development impact of the Arkansas waterway during the period of 1974 to 1978. In the study, the U.S. economy is disaggregated into 3 regions and 35 industrial sectors. The MRVIO model estimates the economic conditions of these 3 regions with and without the waterway in terms of industrial output, income, employment, and trade flows.     

A HYBRID APPROACH TO CREATE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISUALIZATION SYSTEM FOR A PALAEOLITHIC CAVE

This paper presents a visualization system based on metric data to manage and disseminate archaeological information on the Internet. We describe the integration of two different types of sensors: laser scanning and close‐range photogrammetry. How we created an automatic and hierarchical approach based on processing and matching the images coming from a digital camera and a terrestrial laser scanner is also shown. This development has created a visualization system combining spherical photographs and georeferences for graphical and numerical data acquired by the sensors. The case study where we have applied this method is the Palaeolithic rock art of the Llonín Cave (Asturias, Spain), which has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and has restricted public access. Our results demonstrate that this tool integrates data, metadata, services and information, which simplifies the location, identification, selection and management of archaeological information.     

POPULATION ANALYSIS ON THE MICROCOMPUTER: A SYSTEM OF SOFTWARE PACKAGES

This paper describes a system of versatile software packages that has been developed by the author for population analysis on IBM-compatible microcomputers using PC or MS DOS. The series includes programs for the production of life tables, the analysis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in mortality, population projections, stationary-state population simulations and demographic planning, cohort survival estimates of net migration, and the analysis of migration matrices. Each of the programs in the series is discussed in terms of its principal analytical features, associated conceptual and methodological issues, and potential applications. The programs are intended for use both as basic research and planning tools and as instructional aids in university-level courses. The programs and related documentation are available on a set of four 360K diskettes.     

A NOTE ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE OLD HITTITE KINGDOM

From the 17th to the 12th Century B.C. the Hittite Kingdom was one of the most notable powers in the Near East. It ranged over a vast geographical area dominating the surrounding cities and smaller states. Throughout this time the Hittites consistently developed their political system thereby ascending to the level of an empire. From sources pertaining to this era, it can be ascertained that already in the early stages, when the borders were not as extended, the Hittite Kingdom adopted the tradition of sending the king＇s sons and princes to the newly conquered regions and significant cities.     

THE DYIRBAL KINSHIP SYSTEM

The Dyirbal-speaking people of North Queensland, Australia, have an unusual (and possibly unique) kinship system. Marriage takes place with someone not from ego's own generation but a generation above or below. A cross-cousin through an elder-sibling link at the parents' generation (i.e. mother's elder brother's child, father's elder sister's child) is a potential mother-in-law or father-in-law; ego may marry the child of such a relation. It follows from this that ego may also marry the child of a younger opposite-sex sibling of a grandparent (e.g. mother's mother's younger brother's child). The system is quite symmetrical with regard to sex. Following exposition of the rules of the kinship system, the paper discusses how these are actually put into practice. Justification for the kin categories is also provided by linguistic observations on (i) dual forms of kin terms; (ii) the possible subjects of ‘verbs of begetting’; (iii) the kinship basis of the two first person dual pronouns; (iv) the rules for using the special deferential (or ‘mother-in-law’) speech style.