The contents of unusual cone-shaped vessels (cornets) from the Chalcolithic of the southern Levant

Cornets are cone-shaped ceramic vessels, characteristic of the Chalcolithic period (ca. 4700–3700 BC) in Israel and Jordan. Their contents and use are unknown. Gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass-selective detection, showed that extracts of cornets from five different sites with different related activities (domestic, habitation cave and a cultic complex) all contain the same assemblage of mainly n-alkanes adsorbed within their walls. This assemblage differs from those found in other types of ceramic vessels from the same sites, as well as from the residues found within the associated sediments. The assemblage of odd and even-numbered n-alkanes found in the cornets is almost identical to that found in the residues of beeswax heated on modern ceramic fragments, as well as in a beehive from the Iron Age IIA strata at Tel Rehov, Israel. Thus the cornets are most likely to have contained beeswax. The presence of beeswax in the cornets contributes to our understanding of the Chalcolithic period; a time when secondary products such as milk, olive oil and wine are thought to have come into use.     

First evidence of Equus asinus L. in the Chalcolithic disputes the Phoenicians as the first to introduce donkeys into the Iberian Peninsula

Two equid species have been documented in the Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula, the horse Equus caballus, and the Eurasian hemione Equus hydruntinus. While the former survived the Holocene–Pleistocene until now, the timing for the extinction of the latter is unclear. Scarce, fragmented archaeological remains assess the presence of small equids living in the Holocene of Iberia. Those could possibly correspond to the Eurasian hemione although unambiguous morphological identification is often not possible. With the find of an equid tooth from Leceia, a Chalcolithic fortified site in Portugal, and using both morphological and mitochondrial genome analyses, we demonstrate for the first time the presence of a new equid species in Holocene Iberia, namely a donkey (Equus asinus). Radiocarbon dating of the tooth to Cal 2340–2130, and 2080–2060 BC with 95% probability, demonstrates that donkeys were present in Iberia well before the arrival of Phoenicians in the first quarter of the first millennium BC (900–750 years BC), which were considered so far as the first who introduced donkeys in the region.     

Molluscan calendars: The use of growth-line analysis to establish seasonality of shellfish collection at the Mesolithic site of Morton,Fife

The technique of growth-line analysis is used to examine seasonal growth patterns in modern specimens of the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule L. The modern control work provides a basis for the interpretation of seasonal collection in archaeological cockles, and is applied to shells from the Mesolithic site of Morton, Fife. The seasonal use of the site is shown to be clearly related to site function.     

Wild and domesticated forms of rice (Oryza sp.) in early agriculture at Qingpu, lower Yangtze, China: evidence from phytoliths

Rice cultivation in parts of the Yangtze valley, eastern China, is thought to date to at least the early Holocene. Using phytolith analysis, sediments from an exposed profile at Qingpu in the lower Yangtze were examined in detail in order to contribute to the growing body of information relating to the history of rice agriculture in the Yangtze delta area. The presence of phytoliths from domesticated rice, Oryza sativa, indicates that rice agriculture was well developed at Qingpu by ca. 2350 BP and may have increased in intensity from ca. 2100 BP. Rice cultivation at Qingpu was comparatively late in relation to other areas in the Yangtze valley, possibly due to the seasonal intrusion of saline waters, while the cultivation of wild rice remained a prominent feature of food production in the area to at least as late as ca. 1800 BP. Results presented here support the existence of a period of overlap, during which both wild and domesticated forms of rice were cultivated, rather than a linear transition from wild to domesticated rice cultivation and the possible influence of environmental factors over farming in an area subjected to frequent flooding.     

湖北丹江口市连沟旧石器遗址调查

本文对湖北丹江口市连沟遗址Ⅲ、Ⅱ级阶地所发现的 201件石制品进行了详细的介绍, 并对其时代和文化特征进行了初步研究, 得出它们的时代分别为旧石器时代早期和中期, 在文化面貌方面, 其同属于南方砾石石器工业的范畴。该遗址的发现对研究南方砾石器工业的时代以及认识该工业的早、中期遗存之异同具有重要的意义。     

老一代革命家在中华人民共和国开国过程中的历史贡献

中华人民共和国建国初期 ,中国共产党老一代革命家成功地解决了国体、政体、经济建设方针、民族政策和对外政策等一系列重大问题 ,当时制定的相关政策不仅符合那时中国的国情 ,使中国得到稳定和发展 ,而且经得起时间的检验 ,为我国此后的发展奠定了一个坚实良好的基础。过渡时期总路线同样是在当时工农业生产发展的基础上提出和实施的 ,是得到了绝大多数人民的拥护的。“后之视今犹今之视昔” ,我们要以历史唯物主义的眼光看待历史 ,研究国史、写好国史。     

The study of collector variability in the transition to sedentary food producers in northern Colombia

Human adaptation to the tropics by populations of collectors has been a longtanding issue of debate, especially with regard to the role that collectors may have played in pathways toward sedentism and food production. In this essay, I examine significant differences in strategies developed for estuarine environments versus the inland environments of the transitional savannas of northern Colombia to analyze how these two adaptations articulate with the processes which led toward sedentism and food production in neotropical northern Colombia. Contrary to the received wisdom, I argue that the exploitation of rich estuarine environments is not necessarily a prelude to food production; seed exploitation early in the sixth millennium B.P. in the northern Colombian transitional savanna zone provides a second and arguably more probable model.     

新中国成立初期山西省农村扫盲

新中国成立初期,广大农村中文盲半文盲普遍存在的现实难以适应国家社会经济发展的要求,因此开展大规模的农村文化教育势在必行。在中央人民政府的领导下,山西省政府对农村扫盲工作高度重视,通过积极的宣传动员、有效的组织管理以及灵活多样的学习形式,提高了广大农民的文化素质和思想觉悟,形成了良好的社会风尚,为社会主义建设培养了优秀人才。由于农村扫盲受到时代与环境的限制,亦存在形式主义和官僚主义倾向、学习形式僵化等局限性。     

三门峡三里桥村11号唐墓

三门峡三里桥村11号唐墓经过发掘,出土器物较为丰富,包括各式人物俑和动物俑以及陶器、铁器等,其中贴金武士俑、陶牛车、乐舞俑、骆驼俑、陶琵琶等在豫西地区已发掘的同类墓葬中为首次发现。该墓的发掘为研究豫西地区唐墓提供了新的实物资料,据其形制与出土陶俑的形态特点,其年代当为唐代早期。     

建国初期华北农村婚姻制度的改革

中华人民共和国成立时 ,封建主义婚姻制度在华北农村占主导地位 ,严重阻碍了社会进步 ,改革封建婚姻制度已成当务之急。 1 95 0年 5月我国颁布并施行《中华人民共和国婚姻法》后 ,在华北农村开展了一场广泛深入的婚姻制度改革 ,经过大力宣传贯彻《婚姻法》和建立婚姻登记制度 ,最终实现了从封建主义婚姻制度向新民主主义婚姻制度的嬗变。     

广东肇庆市康乐中路七号汉墓发掘简报

2004年11月,广东省文物考古研究所在肇庆市康乐中路清理出墓葬、水井、灰坑等遗迹。3座汉墓中M7为长方形土坑竖穴墓,墓底中部有长方形生土棺床,这为广东目前发现的汉墓中所少见。该墓出土遗物较丰富,有釉陶器、陶器、铜器及滑石器等。据出土器物特征和组合及墓葬形制,M7的年代大致定为东汉初期。     

清末民初农会组织述论

清末民初的农会组织大体经历了酝酿、兴起、发展、隐退四个阶段.其基本结构表现为组成了一个层层连接的直属组织系统;建立了较为完备的领导体制;实行了严格的民主选举制度、议事办事原则以及定期的会议制度等.呈现出组织制度的近代民主性、一定程度的自治性、成员构成的复杂性、机构权限的官督性等基本特点.所从事的活动内容相当广泛,主要表现为编辑农报,翻译农书;创办农业学堂;开办农业试验场;举行农产品评会,设立陈列所;开展调查研究;向主管官署建议农业改良进行事宜,等等.这对推动近代中国农业发展具有重要的影响与作用.     

安徽舒城九里墩墓非钟离公鱼墓考

安徽舒城九里墩墓残存的大部分遗存呈现典型的楚文化风格和战国早期的时代特征,应是战国早期楚国贵族墓葬,而不可能是钟离公鱼的墓葬,更不可能是群舒墓、蔡墓或吴墓。这一看法与楚、群舒、蔡、杞、钟离诸国族的历史变迁也是一致的。     

再议辉县琉璃阁春秋大墓的国别

本文通过对琉璃阁春秋大墓随葬青铜器形制和纹饰的排比分析,对其年代进行了推断;根据墓葬规模以及随葬礼乐器的规格对墓主身份进行了分析。同时,结合相关历史文献记载,论证了墓主应为春秋中晚期晋国的范氏卿族。     

北宋前期审刑院与宰相的司法复审权

审刑院设立于宋太宗淳化二年,罢废于神宗元丰三年,专门负责天下上奏的疑难案件的复审工作,是北宋前期国家最高司法机构之一。审刑院的设立,对宰相的司法权产生了很大的影响,双方对中央司法复审权的争夺十分激烈:在宋初,宰相拥有充分的司法复审权;太宗淳化二年审刑院设立后,宰相淡出司法复审领域,审刑院完全掌握了复审权;从仁宗中期开始,随着相权的整体攀升,宰相的司法权不断扩大,最终使审刑院由独立于宰相到沦为其附属。     

On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon)

The rock shelter of Shum Laka, situated in the Grassfields of northwestern Cameroon, was occupied during the later Pleistocene and Holocene. Plant remains reveal that there were no drastic changes in the immediate environment of the shelter between 30,000 and 10,000 bp. The industry is microlithic during this entire period. Quartz was deliberately chosen as the preferred raw material and there were no changes in technology or raw material usage over time. A comparison with similar sites in the northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo reveals that the microlithic quartz tradition was apparently appropriate for the exploitation of a wide variety of environmental settings. This flexibility may represent an adequate technological response to the environmental changes in Central Africa at the end of the Pleistocene.L'abri sous roche de Shum Laka, situé dans les Grassfields au nord-ouest du Cameroun, a été occupé depuis la fin du Pléistocène. Les restes de plantes montrent qu'il n'y a pas eu de changements importants dans l'environnement immédiat de l'abri entre 30,000 et 10,000 bp. L'industrie est microlithique pendant toute cette période. Le choix du quartz comme matière première préferentielle était délibéré par ailleurs, ni la technologie, ni l'utilisation des matières premières n'ont subi de modifications conséquentes au cours de cette période. Une comparaison avec des sites similaires du nord-est de la République Démocratique du Congo nous montre que la tradition microlithique sur quartz aurait été appropriée dans l'exploitation d'une grande variété d'écosystèmes. Cette flexibilité pourrait traduire une réponse technologique adéquate face aux changements environnementaux qui ont eu lieu en Afrique Centrale à la fin du Pléistocène.     

从张家山竹简看汉初的赋税征课制度

西汉初期的赋税制度,过去有不少疑点。现从张家山汉简得知：当时的田税主要是田租和刍禀。征收办法是既“按顷计征”,又与“人户”有关。田租与刍禀税的比例是12．7：1;而末业税的税目繁多,有各种工矿税和市税、关税等。税率较高,有的达20％以上,反映了官府对工商末业的重税政策;汉初的赋目基本上沿袭了秦制。敛赋方式有按“口”、按“户”两种,按户征收的“户赋”,非口算之外的独立赋目。“户赋”与“赀赋”,二者不当混同。     

郑州市南阳路家世界购物广场战国墓葬发掘简报

2003年10-12月,郑州市文物考古研究所配合基本建设,在郑州市南阳路家世界购物广场工程区发掘一批战国墓葬,出土大量随葬器物,以陶器为主,其年代为战国中、晚期。     

清末民初贵州会党的角色转换及相关问题

贵州秘密会党起源于乾隆初年的啯噜。清末民初,贵州会党先后承担了三种不同的历史角色。首先是被自治学社与陆军小学所利用,从“反清复明”的旧式会党转变为初步接受资产阶级民主思想的革命组织,进而成为辛亥贵州光复的主力军;随后又为宪政派所利用,转而与自治学社为仇,从辛亥革命的功臣转变为颠覆辛亥果实的帮凶;最后又为宪政派以“会党乱黔”作为乞请滇军入黔的口实,从而沦落为政治斗争的牺牲品。三次角色的转换,既折射出清末民初贵州党争的惨烈,同时也暴露了秘密会党缺乏明确政治目标的致命弱点。     

清末民初广州的行会工会化

“工商合行”是广州传统行会组织结构的主要特色。然而,随着清末民初资本主义生产关系的发展,尤其“劳工神圣”西潮的浸润与激荡及革命政权扶助劳工政策的实施,使得“工商合行”的行会模式开始了以“工商分离”为主题特征的行会工会化的艰难蜕变。不过,这种由行会孕育出来的工会组织的肌体上不可避免地附着“工商合行”的深深烙印,这在一定程度上削弱并阻碍了国民革命时期中国共产党对广州工人的政治与阶级动员。从阶级斗争与“工商合行”两种理念交锋而导致行会工会化“曲折与艰辛”的事实中,可以窥视到传统行会近代转型“变”与“不变”的新旧交合的复杂面相。