Floating culture: the unrecorded antiquities of England and Wales

In England and Wales there exists a corpus of unprovenanced and unrecorded antiquities; a corpus adrift from archaeological context and now ebbing and flowing across the antiquities market and which could be described as ‘floating culture’. This corpus includes illicit antiquities and also antiquities found legitimately but not recorded and subsequently sold with or without the landowner’s knowledge. The definition of floating culture as ‘traces of the human past not fixed on one position, place or level’ presents a way of conceptualising what is, in essence, a transnational issue. This paper explores floating culture and suggests that the impact of non-reporting of antiquities remains a significant ethical and legal challenge both for heritage protection policy and the antiquities market in the U.K. and beyond. Attention is given to the Code of Practice for Responsible Metal Detecting in England and Wales, and to the landowner-finder search agreement as potential ways of mitigating the flow of unrecorded antiquities of uncertain legal status. While neither document is enforceable, both have potential to improve the protection of the archaeological record. Many of the themes conceptualised by ‘floating culture’ are relevant to the wider discussion on heritage protection and the global trade in illicit antiquities.     

The educational work of a National Museum: creating knowledgeable young citizens in Ottawa,Canada

ABSTRACT

This article explores the geographies of education at the National Museum of Canada in the first half of the twentieth century. Through an analysis of the spatialization of children’s museum education, we highlight how the museum sought to inculcate in young Canadians knowledges about their country, its people, and natural resources. We situate children’s museum education within the broader context of Canadian nationalism, other museum activities, and public education in the capital. Focusing on the design and material organization of the museum, we highlight how the space of the museum, from the objects on display to the imposing grandeur of the building, sought to impress upon students the importance of the knowledge it conveyed. Finally, we illustrate how the museum’s programming aimed to provide children with knowledge of their national heritage, building citizenship through claims of development as destiny.     

甘肃省博物馆藏佛教文物再探讨

本文对甘肃省博物馆及省内一些地县博物馆的部分佛教藏品作了简要的述评。     

博物馆观众研究是博物馆教育研究的基本点——对博物馆观众定义的新探讨

博物馆观众是博物馆教育研究的核心问题。研究的进步依托于理论的成熟,但是目前学界有关博物馆观众这个定义的理论研究还处于一个发展阶段。本文作者对以往有关博物馆观众的若干流行定义进行了质疑和辨析,同时对博物馆观众的定义进行了新的探讨,提出了自己对于博物馆观众的理解,即博物馆观众是博物馆环境的直接体验行为人的集合体。文章结束部分进一步对博物馆环境、博物馆体验以及人的集合体等信息点进行了必要的深化补充。     

Controlling for Doubt and Uncertainty Through Multiple Lines of Evidence: A New Look at the Mesoamerican Nahua Migrations

Nahuatl represents a relatively recent extension of the Uto-Aztecan language family into Mesoamerica. Ethnohistorians have linked Nahuatl's arrival to the historically attested migrations of nomadic people into central Mexico in the last centuries before the Spanish Conquest. Archaeologists have tended to treat migration as an explanation for a change in material culture rather than a social question to be examined theoretically. We approach this migration through the comparison of multiple data sets and conclude that what has previously been treated as a historical event is instead part of a longer term process tying together Mesoamerica's northern periphery with its highland core. While we find that certain themes from migration theory are reflected in this preindustrial migration as well, other variables are unique and bode well for archaeology's ability to address and contribute to theoretical issues relating to migration.     

越国玉石器及早期昌化石文物研究

本文在昌化石材质研究的基础上,对越国玉石器的用途、纹饰特征做了研究,并对平面透雕、粘合、镶嵌、线刻、打磨、钻孔等工艺技术特征作了分析,同时对昌化石的使用年代及应用范围进行了初步探索。     

馆藏壁画保护理论探索与实践——以甘肃省博物馆藏武威天梯山石窟壁画的保护修复为例

馆藏壁画是具有重要历史、科学和艺术价值的博物馆藏品之一,大部分为来自考古发掘现场的墓葬壁画,其次为揭取搬迁的石窟壁画和殿堂壁画。因其制作材料(主要为泥质或石灰层地仗)脆弱,保存年代久远,各种病害多发且严重。已有研究结果表明,石窟壁画保护的难点是水—盐运移引起的壁画酥碱等病害问题,而当石窟壁画转移到博物馆作为藏品保存后,其赋存环境条件发生了根本变化,博物馆可控的、稳定的温度、湿度使其保护难度大大降低,保护现存实物原状与历史信息必然成为馆藏壁画保护的重要内容。本研究以甘肃省博物馆藏武威天梯山石窟壁画的保护修复为例,结合多年石窟壁画保护实践,探讨了馆藏石窟壁画保护理论与保护程序,重点阐述了壁画附加支撑体的去除、新支撑体的选择以及安装等方面的技术要点。提出通过举办专题展览,利用多媒体等高新技术,可以生动、形象、准确地反映和展示馆藏壁画的价值及保护修复过程,弥补传统陈列展览模式的不足。研究成果对同类文物的保护具有重要的借鉴价值。     

Enhancing the mobility of collections and access to cultural heritage: immunity of cultural objects from seizure in Poland

This paper analyses, from the perspective of cultural policy considerations, the legal regime established by the recent Polish law on the immunity from seizure of cultural property on loan (2015). It deals with current trends of international museum exchange and explains the benefits and risks involved in cross-border loans of cultural material. This analysis is carried out by focusing on the actual practice and experiences of Polish museums, national and international regulations in force, and human rights considerations. The authors attempt to situate the Polish model for the protection of foreign cultural property on loan within the broader comparative context of the domestic legislation on museum exchange adopted in selected national jurisdictions. The article also offers a more general cultural policy discussion in the context of international museum exchanges of cultural material. Laws and policies facilitating such exchanges are weighed against other rights and interests encompassed in the protection of cultural heritage and the realisation of all human rights, including cultural rights.     

Cross-cultural interaction on Wuvulu Island,Papua New Guinea: the perspective from use-wear and residue analyses of turtle bone artifacts

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of Indigenous producers and traders in the formation of ethnographic museum collections, but have found difficulty in finding concrete evidence for their active roles. A use-wear and residue study of turtle bone cleavers from Wuvulu Island, Papua New Guinea provides the opportunity to test whether objects that comprise a significant component of early collections were made specifically for sale, as hypothesized by contemporary observers in the late 19th century. Comparative studies of used and unused turtle bone artifacts from the Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea identified differences between wear traces resulting from manufacture and use. Analyses of the Wuvulu turtle bone cleavers showed they had been heavily used prior to sale. Rather than produce artifacts to meet the high demand from German traders, the local people sold old, worn-out objects, many of which had been repaired. The study demonstrates that archaeological approaches to ethnographic museum collections can trace Indigenous agency within cross-cultural interaction. It also showcases the potential of use-wear and residue analytical techniques for the analysis of bone tools and the utility of digital, hand-held microscopes for the analysis of large artifacts.     

现代技术与文博工作者的主体性——试论数字博物馆建设中“人”的作用

在人类各个技术发展阶段,技术与人的主体性之间互相消长,在数字博物馆建设中,文博工作容易出现傻瓜化倾向。为此,数字博物馆的建设应是文化创意的过程,在使用现代设备、系统、工作流程的同时,文博工作者要发挥自身的主体作用。     

略论我国博物馆的陈列与展览

博物馆的陈列与展览在保存传统文化方面发挥重要作用,要使展览收到好的效果,就要求文博人集思广益、精心设计,提供人性化的服务,以吸引更多的观众。     

略论我国博物馆的传播过程

进入21世纪,博物馆的发展面临着更大的机遇与挑战。多种传播手段的介入与更新变化,成为当今博物馆发展中不容忽视的问题。然而博物馆传播又有着自身的传播特点,从我国博物馆的传播过程及模式的研究可以看出,当代博物馆传播职能的重要性及紧迫性。运用好传播这一有力手段,增强博物馆的社会影响力,才能使其更好的服务大众。     

博物馆展览文字浅析——观众研究视野中的案例分析

观众研究是现代博物馆学的核心内容。西方博物馆学通过对观众行为模式观察研究和数据统计分析,来剖析博物馆观众阅读行为的特点。相关研究成果表明,观众自身的认知体系主导着包括阅读行为在内的博物馆观众行为,并在此基础上形成博物馆体验。文字风格和形式设计影响着观众对博物馆展览文字的阅读行为。而针对具体展览的目标观众调查和展览评估应是进行展览策划和文字撰写的前提,是构建"高效"的博物馆展览文字的关键所在,却也是目前中国博物馆展览策划中的重要缺环。     

A new method for identifying sherd refits: A case study from the Neolithic of Northumbria,U.K.

Abstract

Here we present a flexible, quantitative methodology for refitting handmade ceramics. Rather than analyzing the physical joins between sherds, we assess the likelihood that non-adjoining sherds of similar appearance are from the same vessel. The customary disregard of non-adjoining sherds in refitting experiments prompts us to address this issue. Using the Neolithic ceramic assemblage from Thirlings (Northumberland, U.K.) as a case study, we test several scoring systems for assessing the probability of two sherds pertaining to the same vessel. The utility of this approach is supported by the comparison of a set of percentage scores statistically verified using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. We conclude with a discussion of the contribution of the new method to post-excavation ceramic analyses, and its applicability to other assemblages.     

秦俑博物馆陶器库房空气污染的物理化特征及其对彩绘陶器的影响

2007年冬季在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气污染系列采样工作,持续31天,使用Minivol便携式气溶胶采样仪采集了大气颗粒物样品（PM2．5）,利用AreaRAE—IAQ（PGM5220）测定了库内的微气候特征。结果表明,冬季兵马俑陶器库中的PM2．5的平均质量浓度为76．1μg／m3,明显低于室外,PM25中水溶性离子主要由SO4^3-、NO^3-和NH4^＋组成,与室外相同,表明库内污染物主要受室外控制,而且库内颗粒物偏酸性,库内温差较大,由于颗粒物偏酸性可能会对库内的陶器彩绘颜料中的碳酸钙、碳酸钡及硅酸铜钡等成分产生不利影响,颗粒物的悬浮与沉降也可能会对彩绘产生污损,此外库内剧烈的温度变化也可能会对彩绘陶器的保存带来不利影响。     

博物馆经典藏品资源的文创产品开发——以曾侯乙编钟文创系列产品的开发为例

对博物馆经典藏品进行复制,或者萃取其文化元素开发衍生产品,一直为博物馆所重视。这类复制品从传播效应、经济效应、市场价值、文化价值和创意内涵诸方面都体现出"文创产品"的性质,应该纳入"文创产品"市场予以定位、规划。湖北省博物馆对馆藏经典藏品曾侯乙编钟开发了七大类百余个品种的文创系列产品,它们既体现了藏品原型的价值和精髓,也具有保护、研究和实用价值。目前我国博物馆文创事业还需要在经典藏品资源的研究、市场研发人才的培养、衍生品系列的完善、跨界同质资源的整合以及复制品制作单位资质的把控等方面加大推进的步伐。     

The red line over European colonialism: comparison of the Macao museum and Hong Kong museum of history after their return to China

Hong Kong and Macao were once European colonies. A unique, hybrid culture of East and West now flourishes in these two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China. Both cities opened new history museums in 1998, but they adopted remarkably different approaches in their representation of their complicated and politically sensitive history. The Hong Kong Museum of History (HKMH) represents history by closely following the orientation of traditional Chinese nationalism. The postcolonial characteristics adopted by the Macao Museum to reproduce history, in contrast, are likely amongst the richest of all history museums in China. What are the reasons behind the different historical representations by Hong Kong and Macao, which were both promised a ‘One country, Two systems’ policy by the Chinese central authority? This paper argues that both museums reveal two faces of a rising China; the one in Hong Kong emphasises national dignity, and the people’s identification with and loyalty to the nation when it is engaged in state building. The one in Macao emphasises the multiple roles in finding a balanced position to coexist with superpowers, forging friendships with developing countries and building an idealised image of a (re-)rising nation through historical construction. The difference between these two museums indicates the exceptional flexibility of China’s postcommunist regime in engaging in soft power diplomacy.     

馆藏环境温湿度稳定性的频域图谱分析方法研究——以重庆博物馆为例

预防性保护对馆藏环境温湿度提出了适宜稳定的要求,本研究是对温湿度稳定性全新评估方法的研究。将馆藏环境温湿度监测时序数据(时域图谱)使用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)转换成频域图谱,并通过对频域图谱的解读,分析温湿度稳定性。本研究详细分析了温湿度频域图谱的优缺点,并通过频域图谱评估了展厅、展柜温湿度变化的特点、稳定性以及调控效果。研究结果为馆藏环境温湿度稳定性评估提供了一种全新的有效方法。     

经济发达地区地方性博物馆旅游发展研究--以广州南越王墓博物馆为例

本文以广州南越王墓博物馆为例,在游客行为分析的基础上,探讨了其发展规律和动因.作者采用结构性问卷调查的方法现场收集游客行为问卷,运用SPSS软件进行统计分析,并辅之以案例地博物馆游客结构的二手资料.在对所收集资料进行定性定量分析后,作者认为,南越王墓博物馆作为地方性博物馆,属于区域性的文化观光旅游产品,重游率低,潜在市场规模有限,且呈现随出游游客增加而不断萎缩的特点,因此形成持续下滑的接待曲线.与Butler旅游产品生命周期曲线对比发现,南越王墓博物馆缺少探查、参与、发展和巩固阶段,而直接进入衰退阶段.这一结论对于经济发达地区地方性博物馆旅游开发管理具有重要意义.     

关于博物馆文化衍生产品开发的认识与思考

文化衍生产品的开发工作是博物馆文化产业体系中的核心环节,目前在我国尚处于起步阶段,其理念、体制、资金、政策、模式等均有待思考与探索。只有根据我国博物馆的具体实情,借鉴国外博物馆的成功经验及运作模式,革新理念,遵循正确的开发原则,掌握科学的开发方法,才能形成品种齐全、种类多样、特色鲜明、优势突出、富有竞争力的博物馆文化衍生产品体系。