土遗址病害的评估体系研究

土遗址病害评估是对土遗址进行科学保护、管理、利用的一项基础性工作,但土遗址病害评估的体系还没有建立。为此,通过对土遗址病害的分析,借鉴地质工程、岩土工程的相关理论和方法,采用逐次分析的方法评估土遗址的载体和本体病害,探讨了土遗址病害评估体系。通过研究认为,可以从地质灾害、稳定性、表面风化三方面对土遗址病害程度进行评估。地质灾害和稳定性有其它学科相对成熟的理论和方法可以借鉴和采用。表面风化评估应考虑到风化剥蚀速率、遗址保存程度和文物价值三个方面,引进风化度和文物价值权重系数的概念,利用模糊数学原理对表面风化的危险程度进行综合评估是一种新思路。     

Pre-Clovis in Texas? A critical assessment of the “Buttermilk Creek Complex”

Lithic artifacts from the lowest strata of the Debra L. Friedkin site, located on Buttermilk Creek in central Texas, have been interpreted as an undisturbed pre-Clovis assemblage (Waters et al., 2011a). Stone tools and debitage were recovered from sediments stratified just below diagnostic Clovis artifacts and dated by OSL to between 13.2 and >15.5 cal kya. Invoking commonly observed cultural and natural site formation processes, we offer an alternative explanation of the “Buttermilk Creek Complex” as a Clovis assemblage in secondary association with the dated sediments.     

ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLISM AND CHEROKEE TOWNHOUSES

Abstract

Public structures known as townhouses were hubs of public life within Cherokee communities in the southern Appalachians before and after European contact. Townhouses themselves were architectural manifestations of Cherokee towns. The architectural symbolism of townhouses was related to the symbolism of late precontact Mississippian platform mounds, mythical connections between earthen mounds and Cherokee townhouses, and color symbolism that was widespread in the Southeast during the eighteenth century. These points are evident from documentary sources, oral tradition, and the sequence of protohistoric Cherokee townhouses at the Coweeta Creek site in southwestern North Carolina.     

Cahokia's Rattlesnake Causeway

Recent archaeological test excavations at the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site located in Collinsville, IL, document the planned and early construction of a large earthen causeway. Approximately 1-km long and 18-m wide, the Rattlesnake Causeway orientated Cahokia's 5° offset grid and tied Cahokia's central precinct to at least one if not two ridge-top mortuary mounds. The results of this excavation present new information on Cahokia's city plan, one that included the construction of at least 104 earthen monuments, a large central plaza, and an extensive earthen causeway marking the midline of the site.     

南京六朝建康都城城墙夯土遗址锚杆加固技术研究

为了对南京六朝建康都城城墙夯土遗址进行科学保护,确保遗址展示面的结构安全,首先通过ANSYS有限元模拟对城墙夯土遗址的现状及锚杆加固后的结构性能进行研究,分析包括锚杆长度、锚杆角度、锚杆弹模、锚杆直径、边坡坡度、锚杆间距、土体含水率等参数对遗址安全性的影响,得出不同参数变化下的夯土遗址结构的安全系数,给出了适合夯土遗址锚杆加固的优选技术参数。为了验证理论计算的准确性以及锚杆和灌浆材料施工的可行性,进行了锚杆和灌浆材料的拉拔试验。最后,结合理论分析和试验研究结果,提出了采用不锈钢锚杆和改性泥浆灌浆的方法进行遗址锚杆加固的设计方案。该城墙夯土遗址锚杆加固技术研究的成功,可为类似文物保护设计分析提供参考。     

重庆市奉节县桂井战国秦汉墓地

奉节县桂井墓地共清理土坑墓6座、砖室墓1座。有5座土坑墓时代为战国晚期至西汉初期,出土巴式柳叶形剑和楚式陶鼎、陶壶、铜璜等,具有巴、楚文化交融又以楚文化为主的特色。东汉砖室墓出土陶俑、陶盆和陶摇钱树座等。本次发掘为研究重庆地域文化的演进具有重要意义。     

A Filtered Past: Interpreting Salt Production and Trade Models from Two Remnant Brine-Enrichment Mounds at the Ancient Maya Paynes Creek Salt Works,Belize

The mounds at Witz Naab and Killer Bee are the only known remaining aboveground evidence of a once-thriving salt industry in Punta Ycacos Lagoon, a large saltwater system in Paynes Creek National Park, Belize. Over one hundred ancient Maya salt works dated to the Classic period (a.d. 300–900) have been submerged by sea-level rise in the lagoon. We have hypothesized that mounds were once numerous features on the landscape prior to a sea-level rise that occurred in the area during the Terminal Classic period. Lacking at these underwater sites are earthen mounds formed by discarded soil from the leaching process in which the salinity of seawater was enriched by leaching brine through salty soil. Enriching the salinity of seawater by leaching or by solar evaporation is virtually universal in ethnographic case studies. Data from the excavations are evaluated to interpret the ancient activities that produced the earthen mounds, scales of production, and how the coastal Maya of southern Belize participated in the larger Classic Maya economy.     

声频应力波法检测土遗址加固用玻璃纤维锚杆锚固质量初探

土遗址锚杆锚固质量一直是土遗址加固工程中关注的重点问题。目前,土遗址领域均采用具有破坏性的拉拔试验对其进行检测。基于土遗址的文物属性,本研究尝试利用无损检测技术评价土遗址加固用玻璃纤维锚杆的锚固质量。通过锚杆无损检测仪与拉拔仪分别对甘肃省红沙堡遗址与永泰城址加固工程中的玻璃纤维锚杆锚固系统进行检测。比较实际测量杆长与仪器测量杆长结果,得出杆长指标可以判断无损检测仪所测结果的真实性。无损检测仪得出的检测波形衰减规律显著,对比相应锚杆的拉拔试验的评价结果,证实了声频应力波法在土遗址玻璃纤维锚杆锚固系统无损检测中的适用性。本研究结果将为评价土遗址加固用玻璃纤维锚杆锚固质量提供可靠的依据。     

金沙土遗址盐害分布与演化特征

金沙土遗址表面存在泛盐、粉化、空鼓等盐害。对这些盐害的分布特征与演化过程的研究是科学保护金沙土遗址的第一步，也是进一步探讨盐害致病机理的前提条件。本工作收集整理了2010～2020年金沙土遗址病害调查资料，通过现场调查和图像处理技术对盐害的类型、分布特征与演化过程进行定性和定量分析；采用X射线衍射、离子色谱和扫描电镜等测定了不同高度土样的成分、盐分含量以及微观结构。结果显示金沙土遗址主要的盐害类型为表面泛盐、粉化、空鼓、片状剥蚀和掏蚀；主要分布区域是西北向走廊和古河道附近，机挖坑侧壁最为严重；在探方侧壁上盐害由上到下依次由表面泛盐过渡到单独粉化，再到空鼓和片状剥蚀，最底层为掏蚀。金沙土遗址盐害的发育过程可以概括为四个阶段，每个阶段主要发育的盐害类型不同，依次为表面泛盐、粉化、片状剥蚀和掏蚀。越到后期，各类盐害分布范围越大，发展速度越快，对土遗址破坏性越大。离子浓度沿高度的分布与毛细上升作用有关，也与病害的劣化程度和发育进程有关。硫酸钙类是导致土遗址泛盐、粉化和脱落的主要盐分之一。     

有机硅改性丙烯酸树脂非水分散体的制备及在土遗址保护中的试用

为找到耐候性良好并对土遗址有良好保护效果的材料,以工业品的有机硅改性丙烯酸树脂乳液为原料,采用转化法制备了有机硅改性丙烯酸树脂非水分散体材料。对形成的非水分散体进行了外观检验和老化性能检验。通过对土样的加固试验和实地应用发现,浓度为0.8％的加固剂251M具有良好的固结效果,表面颜色基本不变,证明这种材料是一种有应用前景的土遗址防风化加固保护材料。     

The origins of pottery as a practical domestic technology: Evidence from the middle Queen Creek area, Arizona

The site of Finch Camp in the middle Queen Creek area of Arizona, southeast of Phoenix, has produced some of the earliest evidence of utilitarian pottery use in the US Southwest. Using multiple lines of evidence from vessel morphology, surface alteration, and minute fatty acid residues in vessel walls, I evaluate the nascent function of the earliest vessels (mostly neckless jars, or tecomates) and infer a diachronic process of functional expansion from about 350 B.C.-A.D. 400. This evidence provides robust evidence for evaluating various theoretical models of pottery origins. I argue that utilitarian pottery was initially adopted in connection with the intensification of small particulate plant foods (e.g., seeds, grains) and increasing household-level control over resources. Further, vessel functions may have expanded during the early centuries A.D. in response to women’s task-scheduling conflicts stemming from increasing residential stability and growing reliance on low-level horticulture.     

Study on Damage Assessment of Earthen Sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province Based on Fuzzy-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS

ABSTRACT

As a world-renowned heritage site, the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, is an example of an earthen site that is seriously threatened by a series of deterioration. Its damage assessment is the precondition for further protection planning and implementation, but related research was found to be scant. To fill this gap, we explore to study its damage assessment by applying Fuzzy-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS to determine the damage assessment levels for 18 earthen sites selected from Qinghai Province, combined with their occurrence environment, engineering properties of rammed earth, deterioration characteristics, and building technologies. After obtaining and comparing results, the AHP-TOPSIS is indicated to be much closer to the real damage conditions. Therefore, this method is proved to be more suitable for the damage assessment of earthen sites in Qinghai Province. This study also holds the potential application of the AHP-TOPSIS in the damage assessment for other earthen sites in Northwest China.     

土遗址保护利用模式探讨——以西安地区为例

土遗址是一个较为庞大的体系,它本身的特性决定了对其保护利用应尽量遵循原真性原则和可读性原则,其中原真性原则对应遗产保护,可读性原则对应遗产利用。西安地区土遗址保护利用模式可大致分为室内模式和露天模式。室内模式对保护遗址本身的原真性较为得力,但在原真环境保存方面有一定的欠缺,适用于经过考古发掘清理,需要展示多种遗迹现象的土遗址;露天模式在保护环境原真以及提高可读性方面有着重要意义,但应与室内模式有机地结合,才能达到理想效果,适用于原有形制不复杂,较为规整、对称的土遗址。     

硬度测量在土遗址保护中的应用问题

硬度试验是材料机械性能试验中最简单易行的一种试验方法。硬度值可以基本反映材料的强度特性,但它并非材料独立的基本性能,而是取决于其所采用的试验方法。各种硬度试验方法使用条件要求各异,如何根据土遗址特点,选择合适的硬度检测方法,保证检测精度是目前土遗址保护中需要解决的一个问题。本文在综合分析各种试验方法的基础上,给出了土遗址保护中硬度检测需要遵循的基本原则。     

江苏淮安王庄村汉墓群的发现与研究——兼谈淮安地区汉代土墩墓

淮安王庄村汉墓群(御马墩)是一处西汉早期至东汉早期的墓地,共发现墓葬97座,墓葬排列有序,呈向心结构排列,出土各类文物近千件,是淮安市博物馆近年来发现墓葬数量最多,分布最密集,时代跨度长,出土物最丰富的一个墓地。墓地的发现极大地丰富了汉代土墩墓研究的资料。淮安地区密集分布着大量的汉代土墩墓,墓葬极具地域特征,作为汉代土墩墓分布的一个重要区域,必将会把汉代土墩墓的研究引向深入。     

潮湿环境下土遗址加固保护材料筛选研究——以福建昙石山遗址为例

长期以来,由于土遗址保存环境的复杂性和特殊性,潮湿环境下的土遗址保护一直是困扰我国文物保护和考古界的难点,至今尚没有成熟的规范可以参考.福建省昙石山遗址作为我国东南沿海地区典型潮湿环境下的土遗址,近年来在遗址加固保护过程中,通过大量室内和现场试验,在适用材料的筛选研究等方面取得了一定经验和成效,是对我国潮湿环境下土遗址保护工作的一次有益尝试和探索.     

土遗址防风化保护概况

土遗址的风化表现为遗址的表面在各种环境因素的作用下,原来因各种因素作用互相结合的土体颗粒之间的结合力减弱或消失,颗粒间距加大以至脱落,使表面减薄、形貌改变,由此造成承载文化信息的表层破坏的现象。探讨土遗址表面风化的原因、机理,以及对防风化保护材料的应用性研究,对保护大批濒临破坏的土遗址具有重要意义。     

土遗址裂隙注浆材料PS-(C+F)与SH-(C+F)性能对比研究

西北干旱、半干旱地区保存有大量的土遗址,裂隙、淘蚀、洞穴、冲沟、坍塌等一系列病害对遗址的破坏作用明显。就裂隙注浆材料而言,本研究基于PS-(C+F)的成功应用,为使注浆材料多元化,对比研究SH-(C+F)浆液作为注浆材料的适用性。通过室内对两种材料的力学性能、水理性质、抗冻性、抗老化性的比较以及现场对裂隙加固效果的检测,最终分析数据得出结论,SH-(C+F)与PS-(C+F)的力学性能相当,但SH-(C+F)的抗渗性、抗崩解性、抗冻性、抗老化性等略好一些。因此,SH-(C+F)浆液适宜作为注浆材料应用于土遗址裂隙加固中。试验结果对西北地区土遗址裂隙加固材料的多元化有重要的参考意义和指导作用。     

Animal Remains from the Carter Creek Site: Late Woodland Adaptive Strategies in the Upland Frontier of West Central Illinois

Abstract

The Carter Creek site (11-Md-817) was a village located at the prairie edge in west central Illinois during the early Late Woodland Weaver phase (Esarey et al. 1984). This occupation represents a frontier upland community (Green 1987, 1993). Animal remains recovered from the Carter Creek site are compared to contemporaneous samples from the region in order to test hypotheses proposed by Green (1987, 1993) and Styles (2000). It is found that the “pioneers” at Carter Creek continued to hunt and fish as their ancestors had (cf. Green 1987, 1993), but with some adjustments to optimize local resources (cf. Styles 2000). There is no evidence of venison trading or tribute found at this or any contemporaneous sites.     

An inter-site comparison of enamel hypoplasia in bison: implications for paleoecology and modeling Late Plains Archaic subsistence

Bison bison mandibular molars from the Late Plains Archaic kill/butchery sites of Buffalo Creek (Wyoming) and Kaplan-Hoover (Colorado) exhibit significant frequencies of dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH), a defect believed to reflect information about physiological status of individual animals. This study provides a methodology to estimate the ontogenetic and seasonal timing of DEH formation in bison dentition. Integration of these estimates with data from bison life history and grassland ecology allows inferences on age- and season-specific factors exacerbating periodic physiological declines that were recorded in the form of enamel hypoplasias. Differences between assemblages indicate regional variability in grassland conditions, with data from Buffalo Creek pointing to recurrent drought that reduced forage capacity and contributed to physiological stress in bison over two consecutive years. Seasons of physiological stress reflected in the DEH correspond to each of the three kill events at the locality, suggesting that predictability of bison behavior in this location was a critical factor in influencing the seasonal timing and location of repeated hunting episodes. Unlike Buffalo Creek, timings of stress episodes are not consistent with season of death in the Kaplan-Hoover bison assemblage, suggesting that favorable grassland conditions were the primary factor influencing timing of this large single-kill event in order to provision for the upcoming winter. DEH analysis represents a developing approach in the construction of models addressing key aspects of local grassland and bison ecology as well as offers unique insights into the hunting strategies and subsistence decisions of Late Plains Archaic foragers.