变“离土不离乡”为“先离土后离乡”——温州龙港农民城的启示

“离土不离乡”是我国乡镇企业发展初期提出的一项总战略,其实质是农村剩余劳动力在没有空间迁移的情况下进行产业转换。本文从理论和实践两方面论证了空间迁移与产业转换之间的关系,指出在乡镇企业已经有了很大发展的今天,应适时调整这项战略,变“离土不离乡”为“先离土后离乡”,即引导有条件的乡镇企业向中小城镇集聚,以取得规模经济效益与集聚经济效益,并由此而完成乡镇企业向现代化企业的转化。     

美国历史上的土地测量制度

土地测量是美国公地处理中的一项重要制度,它为地产的划分和土地的买卖提供了强有力的支持手段.土地测量在美国西部大开发过程中起到难以估量的巨大作用.美国土地测量中的村镇制度经历了村镇移植到村镇划分的嬗变过程,即由先前的人的移植变为后来纯粹的土地的划分.     

Township/Village Administration from the Late Qing to the Warlord Period

In ancient China, formal government institutions stretched to the county level. This system witnessed a radical transformation during the late Qing and the Warlord period, with various types of township/village administrations mushrooming in many places across the country to meet the requirements of institutional reform and the demands for modernization in local regions. These township/village administrations can be divided into two types: one is the newborn township/village administration in the late Qing dynasty, and the other is the township/village or quasi-administration that evolved from the old localized Xiangdi (local administrative system). Functionally, the former can be further divided into two kinds, the monofunctional township/village administration, which might include education, or police and security, and the multifunctional administration. The latter falls into three categories: some were new-model administrations directly translated from the old rural Xiangdi system; some were subdivisions of the neonatal administration composed of the old local Xiangdi system; and still, others basically reserved the intrinsic property and function of the old Xiangdi system. As political entities, township/village administrations of this era can be further differentiated into those bordering on “self-government” and those lingering under “the official system.” Township/village administration at this time mostly consisted of a standing body, with their personnel, who enjoyed the status of professional civil servants, set up by legal proceedings. Government outlay was sponsored by public finance or tax income, and it assumed all kinds of modern administrative functions, basically of a modern character. Meanwhile, of course, it retained much of its traditional flavor in actual operation. All in all, the birth of this form of township/village administration constituted an important dimension of the modernization of China’s local administration system. Translated from Beijing Normal University Journal (Social Sciences), Vol. 2, 2004, by Sun Yue     

对小城镇发展与规划中几个基本问题的诠释

首先从3个方面讨论了如何理性地看待小城镇发展的问题:城镇人口规模的扩大不是乡村城市化水平度量的唯一标准;小城镇发展应由追求外延式规模扩张逐步走向内涵式发展;小城镇及其乡村腹地发展战略的制订和论证应在小城镇规划中予以突出。继而提出小城镇规划的首要着眼点应是营建宜人的居住环境;认为小城镇规划的核心问题是如何突出个性而非盲目追求共性,并从小城镇景观形象的规划与设计、主导产业选择与小城镇发展模式的确立、规划的创新等方面探讨了突出规划个性的实践操作。最后,强调小城镇规划的最高目标应定位在如何推进城乡一体化战略上。     

论宋代基层区划: 乡的边界及其划界原则

北宋元丰年间以前,乡是县以下一级“实体政务”区划,其数量和幅员随着人口的损益而变化,故边界尚不稳定。王安石变法之后,乡的行政职能被大大削弱,“乡系户口”的功能也随之消失,乡界逐渐稳固下来。保甲法、经界法等基层改革都是在乡内完成,并不跨乡编排,这种政策性的规定强化了乡的整体性,使乡界变得越来越清晰。依据乡所邻对象的差别,可将其边界细分为四类: 乡与乡的分界;乡与路州军县等政区的分界;乡与行政治所的分界;乡与市镇的分界。从现有材料分析,乡的划界大体上遵循“山川形便”原则,这既是为了基层官员管理的便利,又符合自然聚落形成的规律。     

浙江乡镇村志编修的历程、特点与价值述论(1949-2018)

浙江乡镇村志的编修历史悠久、数量众多、延续性强,而且质量上乘、价值可观,历来居于全国前列。中华人民共和国成立后,在党委、政府、方志部门、学者及乡民等各方面的共同努力下,浙江乡镇村志书的编修得到进一步发展,数量与体量蔚为大观,总体质量颇佳,在编修出版、体例内容等方面呈现出鲜明的特点,并展现出丰富的文献价值、社会价值和文本价值。     

Townships and early fields in north Nottinghamshire

Recent work by Riley has illustrated the existence of an extensive system of fields of probable Roman date in north Nottinghamshire and south Yorkshire. When these are compared with the alignments of township boundaries it is evident that the two patterns do not coincide. This suggests that the medieval township structure was not based on an earlier pre-Saxon system of territorial divisions. Such a suggestion would support arguments that have been put forward for a discontinuity of occupancy between the Roman and Saxon periods in this part of England.     

长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征

本文基于产业结构升级与城镇空间组织模式协同的视角,运用主成分和聚类分析方法,对长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征进行了探讨,以此为长三角城市群规划编制提供科学依据。本文认为:①长三角城市群实际上涵盖了7大都市圈,各都市圈之间的边界存在有许多重叠的部分;②根据上述结果与断裂点分析,城镇空间组织模式的结构实际上是由5大不同等级、不同范围、相互交叉、大圈套小圈、圈圈相扣的都市圈所构成的"多元圈层"结构,并由核心区内圈向外呈分指状发散性分布,核-缘拓展的特征比较明显。     

Courts Leet,Constables and the Township Structure in the West Riding, 1540–1842*

The significance of the township, and of the township constable, in local administration in the West Riding from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries is described. The appointment until 1842 of constables in manor and wapentake courts leet ensured the continuing centrality of these courts in local administration. The involvement of the principal inhabitants in the appointment and oversight of constables and other officers is discussed. Changes in the structure of local administration depended on evolving change in manorial structures and courts, even as late as the nineteenth century. Such changes were affected by the existence of overlapping areas of quarter sessions jurisdiction, and also by the expanding volume of small-claims litigation in both manor and wapentake courts baron before the establishment of county courts.     

地域人文环境下苏南小城镇发展演化研究

在当前全新的社会发展时期,小城镇进入一个快速发展阶段。然而,我国现在很多地方的小城镇建设过分强调硬环境的建设,而忽视了软环境即人文环境的改善。本文通过对苏南模式下小城镇发展演化过程进行回顾,分析苏南人文环境的转化。从本土文化、经济发展、政府管理、政策等三个方面揭示了其地域内本土文化伴随着社会经济的发展持续作用于小城镇本身,形成特定的动态开放型小城镇社会人文环境,保证了该地区小城镇的健康发展演化,指出人文环境是提升综合社会环境质量,带动经济发展和城市化进程加快的一个重要因素。     

“钟离氏”族姓考

钟离国为嬴姓,以国为氏称钟离氏,于是有赢姓钟离氏。伯州犁奔楚后,楚以钟离邑为其采邑。伯州犁之后以其采邑为氏亦称钟离氏,于是有子姓钟离氏。子姓钟离氏与嬴姓钟离氏迥异,断不可混为一谈。     

HORSE RACE IN NORTH TIBET

This annual horse race takes place in every township of the north Tibetan grassland,one by one,starting from August 1st. The principal activities are usually a horse race and a blessing by touching the foreheads of people by a Rinpoche.     

中国村镇主体空间行为博弈及对策分析

我国进入快速城市化发展时期以来,在城市化和工业化的推动下,各类村镇主体的空间行为能力逐步增强,在其追求自身利益最大化的过程中,往往出现不理性的空间行为,在农村地区引发出诸多的空间问题。本文以各类村镇主体(农村居民、企业、农村基层自治组织、地方政府)的空间行为为研究对象,运用博弈理论深入分析各类不良空间行为产生的根源,有针对性地提出相关公共政策建议,以期改变其博弈规则,从而有效引导和规范各类村镇主体的空间行为,优化村镇空间。     

汉代豪民与乡里政权

乡里政权是汉王朝派出的最基层行政机构,乡官里吏尽管职卑禄薄或根本无禄,但职轻责重,构成汉王朝最基本的政权基础。汉代豪民在类型上可大致划分为工商豪民和乡里豪民。汉武帝官营工商以后,乡里豪民成为豪民阶层的主体,并逐渐有效地控制了乡里政权,成为汉政权维系地方封建统治的重要支柱。同时,豪民又渔肉乡里,破坏封建秩序,在一定条件下可以转化为统一国家的对立物。     

齐国置“五都”说刍议

先秦典籍中的"都"既可以指一国国都,也可以指卿大夫采邑,还可以泛指一切规模较大的城邑。战国时期齐国的"都",并非一级地方政区的名称,而是当时人称呼齐县的一种习惯用语。所谓齐国的"五都",只不过是战略地位较为突出的五个县而已。战国时期的齐国并不存在"都"这一地方行政组织。     

河南卫辉市唐庄东汉墓葬发掘报告

2003年 3月, 新乡市文物工作队配合基本建设在唐庄镇东发掘一座东汉墓, 出土随葬器物上百件, 为研新乡东汉时期汲县的地方官吏埋葬情况等提供了重要的资料。     

石门坎现象成因分析

石门坎,云贵乌蒙山区的一片蛮荒、高寒之地。石门乡至今仍是贵州屈指可数的边远贫困乡。但在20世纪上半期,石门坎竟成为＂西南苗族最高文化区＂、＂文化圣地＂,创造了数个文化奇迹。分析其成因有：特殊的社会、历史背景;基督教进入、认同、互动与大环境建设;创制苗文及乡村教育网络的形成等。     

The Wapentake Courts of The Honour of Pontefract, 1427–1877

Wapentake courts continued to play an important role in the administration of the West Riding throughout the early-modern period and for much of the nineteenth century. This can be demonstrated from the surviving court records of the six wapentake courts of the honour of Pontefract. These show that wapentake courts, acting as sheriff's tourns, performed a central function in early-modern local administration. All the township officers within their jurisdictions, including constables, sworn men (bye-law men) and pinders, were sworn into office at sittings of these courts. The roles of these different township officers are made clear. These courts and the seigneurial courts with jurisdiction over civil suits were inter-dependant, as were the wapentake courts and the courts of quarter sessions. Evolutionary changes in the sittings and functions of these courts are described. The wapentake courts were undermined by nineteenth century reforms of policing and to courts for debt litigation, which eventually led to the final abandonment of these courts despite local support for their continuation.     

山东龙口市阎家店遗址发掘简报

1999年 ,山东省文物考古研究所联合龙口市博物馆对龙口市海岱镇阎家店遗址进行考古发掘 ,清理出灰坑、墓葬、窑址及房基等遗迹 ,出土了陶器、石器、铜器和瓷器等遗物 ,年代分属周代及宋金     

Digging women: towards a new agenda for feminist critiques of mining

This article addresses how a contemporary feminist perspective can problematise the ancient human endeavour of mining, and indicates which direction research on the interface between extractive industries and gender could usefully take. Feminist research has confronted masculinist discourses of mining by questioning the naturalisation of men as industrial workers, and by illustrating the gender-selective impacts of capitalist mining projects. The article probes the sources of these masculinist discourses of mining and reinterprets these critiques. Most importantly, by highlighting the diverse range of extractive practices that reflect different stages of surplus accumulation, it encourages a rethinking of mining itself as an area of feminine work. Finally, it makes tentative suggestions as to how the field of women and mining might be examined and addressed by contemporary feminists. A postcapitalist feminist critique of mining would hinge upon revealing women's agency in mining and revisit the conventional definitions of mining as industrial work and begin to see the feminine livelihoods in mining.