中国上古国家的产生及特征

传说中的五帝时期是中国上古国家的形成阶段.这一时期经历了一系列国家制度的建设:第一,部落与部落的联合,并由此形成王国;第二,按地域划分部落,天子巡狩和方国朝觐是王国秩序的象征;第三,族卿族禄的官僚制度;第四,早期刑罚制度;第五,以上帝为核心的多神政治信仰体系.夏商周王国正是在此基础上发展演变的.     

从真山出土玉器谈吴国的琢玉工艺

苏州真山大墓出土了一批春秋时期的玉器,系采用多种琢玉技法所形成,显示了２０００多年前吴国工匠高超的琢玉水平。     

洪武年间明朝与麓川王国关系考察

麓川王国在元末已摆脱元朝控制自治一方。当明朝接替元朝在云南的统治权时,要求麓川服从。麓川不愿受明朝控制,并在兼并同族以扩大势力时与明朝发生冲突。几经周折,明朝终于制服麓川,将其分解为数部,这对明王朝控制当地产生了历史性影响。本文通过对这段史事的分析,着重指出,明朝对麓川的控制是分阶段完成的。由于形势不同,双方关系各阶段变化各有原因;某些史书为强调明朝统治合法性而忽略各阶段具体情节的做法,是将事情简单化,有碍后人认识真实史实。     

Three unpublished collections of South Arabian coins

The author presents the South Arabian holdings of three museums in Israel, forty-eight coins in all. The coins comprise one Qatabanian coin and several coins each of three very common Himyarite and Sabaean types (two issues of 'Amdân Bayyin Yuhaqbid, kingdom of Saba' and dhû Raydân, and various coins of the Sabaean Bucranium series). The paper gives the opportunity to make some remarks on South Arabian Coinage.     

The expansion of the kingdom of Strathclyde

The kingdom of Strathclyde was focused on the Clyde valley and ruled by a Brittonic‐speaking dynasty. Historians have traditionally argued that the kingdom expanded southwards in the early tenth century, with the result that there was a revival of Brittonic language. Several scholars have recently challenged this interpretation, but in this article I defend the view that Strathclyde expanded southwards, and I propose a new model for the process. I argue that the kings of Strathclyde took submissions from the local nobility, who included Northumbrian and Gaelic‐Scandinavian magnates. This accounts for the multicultural nature of the kingdom in its heyday.     

地理环境与西夏历史

西夏时期 ,气候寒冷干燥 ,地表多荒漠。人们砍伐森林、开垦土地 ,境内植被有所破坏。在干冷气候与人为活动的双重作用下 ,土地沙化现象较为明显。自然条件决定西夏经济以畜牧业为主 ,农业比重不大 ,基础较为薄弱 ,与中原地区互通有无 ,发展周边贸易成了西夏生存的必由之路 ,因而西夏对中原王朝有着很强的依附性。严酷的生存环境 ,频繁出现的饥荒 ,使得能骑善射的西夏军队极富掠夺性。对外征战不止 ,大肆劫掠财富、抢夺人口、侵占土地 ,成为西夏历史的一大特点。地理环境制约着西夏经济发展水平 ,但是特有的地形地貌却延缓了国家的灭亡。境内四周环绕的山脉、荒漠 ,宛如天然屏障 ,外敌难以深入 ,西夏因此得以长期立国。西夏后期 ,环境恶化 ,频繁出现的干旱和强烈地震加速了西夏的灭亡     

An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture

The Benin kingdom is noted for its sophisticated brass art, large earthwork system, and complex political hierarchy. The kingdom style of nobility architecture has endured for hundreds of years, and a few structures may still date to ca. ad 900–1200. The complex floor plans of these large compounds appear to be based upon traditional kingdom social organization that is fast changing, however. Since most structures are still residences, some renovated, a study utilizing both ethnographic fieldwork and the technique of space syntax analysis proved useful to examine historical room meanings and functions and room access. This paper discusses a particular World Heritage site, Ogiamien’s Palace, and other Benin kingdom chieftaincy sites. It describes the symbolic and ritual meanings of residential room use and room plans that on observation show seemingly wide layout variation. The results of the cultural analysis are then compared against the permeability plans and the quantitative formulas of space syntax analysis, to confirm the traditional social nature of spatial use in chieftaincy palaces of the former kingdom and suggest an adherence to an underlying ideological paradigm. This paper takes the additional step of employing the software GraphPad Prism to determine real correlations among calculated values; the results indicate a strong cognitive consistency of design and use for the structures over time in spite of visible layout variability.     

Beating swords into croziers: warrior bishops in the kingdom of Castile,c.1158–1214

This paper examines the prevalence of armsbearing bishops in the kingdom of Castile during the reign of Alfonso VIII (r.1158–1214). It suggests that recent work by scholars whose research focuses on regions such as England, France and the Holy Roman Empire needs to be contextualised within a much broader survey of the phenomenon. To achieve that goal, this paper examines the evidence of armsbearing bishops in the frontier kingdom of Castile, and demonstrates the ways in which the frameworks established by some scholars need to be adjusted to fit the larger medieval reality experienced across Latin Christendom.     

拷贝与借鉴--论渤海国与唐廷和日本的文化交流

渤海国从建国伊始,便积极从事对外,特别是与唐廷和日本的文化交流促进了其政治体制的成熟和经济的发展,本文认为渤海国热心于对外文化交流的动因,最初是出于藩国本身政治和军事的需要,并从意识形态,生活方式,文学艺术三个方面,分析了其在对外文化交流过程中,对唐廷和日本文化的不同摄取方式,渤海国对盛唐文化全盘吸收,使用的是拷贝式的摄取方式,而与日本的文化交流,则是同一文化圈内各子文化系统之间的借鉴式交流,文章还就渤海国在政治实体消亡后,灿烂辉煌的渤海文化几乎顷刻淹灭的文化发展史之迷,作了尝试性回答。     

Crusaders’ castles—the fourth generation: reflections on Frankish castle-building policy during the 13th century

This paper examines Frankish castle-building policy during the 13th century through two case studies, Château Pèlerin and Montfort. During this period, castles were built mainly by the military orders, in the same locations as, or very close to, existing fortifications. Furthermore, these activities often coincided with the presence of a crusade in the region. In the two case studies the initiators of the projects had reasons other than military to execute them. The main conclusion of this paper is that during the 13th century castles were not built in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem for strategic reasons or according to a well defined programme, but in order to meet a series of religious, moral, social as well as economic and political considerations. This conclusion may imply that this was the case also during the 12th century.     

北赵出土铜器铭文中之晋侯及其他晋侯名新考

北赵出土铜器铭文,从考古和训诂两方面考证,对晋侯名与史载各代晋侯的 对应关系提供了难得的资料。     

Charles of Anjou,Pope Gregory X and the crown of Jerusalem

This article seeks to dispel the popular myth that Pope Gregory X (1271–6) wanted to change the government of the kingdom of Jerusalem by putting Charles of Anjou on its throne through the purchase of the claim of Maria of Antioch. A study of the Angevin chancery records – little used by crusade historians – demonstrates that Charles had an interest and influence in the kingdom before Gregory became pope. An examination of Gregory's papal registers shows that he consistently treated Hugh of Lusignan as king of Jerusalem and that the pope had no desire for anything to disrupt the peace in Christendom that he deemed necessary for his crusade.     

A kingdom without a capital? Itineration and spaces of royal power in Castile,c.1252–1350

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Castilian kings were constantly in motion, travelling through their kingdom, an activity which has traditionally been linked with the absence of a single capital in Castile. This paper re-examines the role played by royal itineration in this period and the reasons which inhibited the consolidation of an undisputed capital in the kingdom. In doing so, the changing importance and functions of the main cities of the realm, Toledo, Seville, Burgos and Valladolid – the spaces of royal power – will also be discussed. The main factor which precluded the rise of a single capital was the kingdom's specific territorial configuration, not bureaucratic under-development. The Reconquista led to the creation of a ‘composite kingdom’, in which kingship was exercised differently in some regions compared to others.     

《吴越春秋》“殆非全书”辨识

东汉赵晔所撰《吴越春秋》,隋唐《经籍志》皆著录为十二卷,自元至今所存各种版本均为十卷,元徐天祜指其“殆非全书”。本文援引《史记》注、《文选》注及《水经注》,辨析了“殆非全书”说的正误,揭示出所佚两卷的核心内容及其卷次,指出前人所谓所佚两卷为“西施至吴”和“范蠡去越”不能成立。     

新罗北界与唐朝辽东

统一新罗并合了朝鲜半岛上旧属三韩的地域,没有也无意于北上占据本非三韩的高句丽故地。有唐一代,辽东即鸭绿江南北的高句丽故地主体仍然属于中原王朝,渤海国仅据有一部分高句丽旧地。所谓“统一新罗与渤海国的相互敌对很像一个被分割国家的南北两部分”这样的说法,显然是对历史的误解。     

Anti-corruption campaigns in thirteenth-century Europe

The thirteenth century in France saw the initiation of a series of reforms intended to define, identify and root out corruption in government. The principal architect of the campaign was King Louis IX (1226–70), ably supported by a coterie of special officials. Inspired in part by his desire to purify his kingdom in the long preparation for the crusade of 1270, he also drew on longstanding precedents in French administrative history. The campaign on the whole was quite successful. What is also remarkable is that, generated partly from the unique circumstances of individual polities and partly from circumstances, like crusading fervour, which were widely shared, other anti-corruption campaigns were mounted, also with some success. The slogans and practices of anti-corruption campaigns came to be identified intimately with good government, indeed, with the very right to exercise political authority and power. The thirteenth century thus appears to be a foundational moment in the constitution of the ideology and practices of the state.     

东北亚视域中的凤林文化

从形态与结构看凤林古城应该是一座王城。但其所呈现出的规则与不规则共存的现象也表明它仍处于初始形态。尽管考古发掘与历史文献之间存在着差异,但是仍然基本上可以把凤林文化认定为挹娄的文化遗存。通过对汉魏时期东北亚历史的考察,可以看到包括朝、日两国在内的东北亚各民族都是在这一时期进入了国家阶段。凤林文化的考古发现证明了在公元3世纪中叶至公元4世纪中叶,"肃慎族系"的挹娄也已进入到了国家阶段。这说明凤林文化是东北亚地区重要的文明源头之一,它的出现填补了东北亚历史的一段空白。     

西汉铜座漆耳杯及相关问题的讨论

南京博物院院藏的一件汉代铜座漆耳杯，风格与蜀汉产品极其相近，由此可见当时各地的文化交流和商品流通之一斑。     

山东商代考古与商史诸问题

商文化进入山东是从二里岗文化后期开始的,商族起源于山东、契都蕃在滕县、汤都亳在曹县诸说都不可取。益都苏埠屯商代大墓的族属是商族,不是东夷族,周代薛国是由商代史族所分化的。夷方位于滕县东邻费县境内。鲁分“殷民六族”是原居住在曲阜鲁国周围的商遗民。     

On the Constitution and Transformation of Philistine Identity

Recent discussion of the formation and alteration of Philistine identity in the Levantine Iron Age continues to reference primarily pottery styles and dietary practices. Such traditional narratives propose that the Philistines comprised one group of the ‘Sea Peoples’ and that the cultural boundary markers that distinguished their society in the Iron Age I (twelfth–eleventh century BC) diminished in importance and disappeared suddenly in the early Iron Age IIA (tenth century BC), with the ascendancy of the Judahite kingdom. Based on data from the Levant (especially Philistia), the Aegean and Cyprus, we argue for a more complex understanding of the Philistines who came to the region with an identity that drew on, and continued to engage with, a broad range of foreign artefact styles and cultural practices with non‐Levantine connections. Concurrently they incorporated local cultural attributes, at least until the late ninth century BC, a feature that we argue was unrelated to the supposed tenth century expansion of the Judahite kingdom.