丸都山城高句丽铁器的金相与工艺

为探讨高句丽铁器加工业发展状况以及魏晋南北朝时期钢铁技术水平,利用金相显微镜对吉林省集安市丸都山城遗址出土铁器样品进行金相学检测及工艺研究,并结合以往高句丽铁器检测结果进行讨论。检测结果表明,工匠制造铁器时采用了"生铁淋口"、铸造后脱碳退火、铸铁脱碳钢材料锻打成型、锋刃部淬火、熟铁、低碳钢等不同材质的锻接、折叠锻打等加工技术。铁镞03JWN2T105②:12是迄今为止应用"生铁淋口"工艺的最早实例,将这种工艺的使用年代,前推至魏晋南北朝时期,相对于明代文献的明确记载提前1000年左右,相对于已报道的宋代实例早600余年,其发明时间应该还在此之前,该项发现对构建魏晋南北朝时期钢铁技术发展序列,具有十分重要的意义。     

集安洞沟古墓群山城下墓区出土铁器的初步科学分析

对集安洞沟古墓群山城下墓区出土16件铁器样品进行科学分析研究,经分析的样品主要分为炒钢、铸铁脱碳钢和块炼铁三种不同材质,均为锻打成型并存在贴钢、退火、淬火工艺。初步确认至迟在公元3世纪中后期至7世纪,高句丽块炼铁制作技术与生铁制作技术仍同时存在,并较为普遍地应用于日常生活中。铸铁样品中的高硫特征,或可作为该地区高句丽先民铁器制作过程中熔铁、化铁时使用煤作为燃料的证据。     

河北徐水东黑山遗址出土铁器的实验研究

本文对河北徐水东黑山遗址出土的66件战国至唐宋时期铁器样品进行了碳十四年代测定、金相组织观察和夹杂物成分分析,认为该遗址内出土的铁器制作年代集中于战国两汉时期,铁器的材质全为生铁和生铁制钢产品．采用了铸造、退火、炒钢、淬火以及可能存在的灌钢等工艺,同时该地区至少在汉代已能根据不同的材质和工艺制作不同的器物．本研究为深入认识战国两汉时期太行山东麓北段的钢铁技术提供了新的科学材料。     

汉诸侯王陵墓出土铁器的比较

对徐州狮子山西汉楚王陵、永城保安山西汉梁王墓等7座汉王陵出土铁器的种类、材质、制作技术及功能进行了比较研究,探讨了汉代钢铁技术的发展状况、技术特征等问题。狮子山楚王陵5件炒钢制品的发现表明西汉早期(公元前2世纪中叶）已经发明了炒钢技术,是迄今为止最早的;块炼铁、块炼渗碳钢、生铁、铸铁退火、铸铁脱碳钢、炒钢、局部淬火、冷加工等多种钢铁冶炼和热处理工艺在西汉王陵出土铁器中都得到了广泛的应用,表明西汉时期钢铁技术有了较大发展,当时工匠对钢铁性能的认识提高到新的水平。     

黑龙江省凤林古城出土铁器的实验研究

本文通过对黑龙江省友谊县凤林古城出土铁器进行了金相组织观察和夹杂物成分分析,认为该遗址出土的铁器材质为生铁系制钢产品,采用了铸造、退火、炒钢、淬火等工艺,本文为深入研究魏晋时期东北亚地区钢铁技术提供新的科学材料。     

两汉时代云南的铁器

西汉时代云南已经使用铁器,但为数甚少,使用不普遍,而且当时人视为宝贵的东西,这可以从云南历次出土的实物中肯定的。首先是晋宁石寨山四十八座西汉墓中出土的铜器,共有2000多件,而铁器只出土115件,只有铜器的约百分之五。这115件中,全铁制的只有46件,其余69件,都是铜铁     

云南剑川海门口遗址第三次发掘出土铜铁器的分析及其年代

为研究云南剑川海门口遗址出土铜铁器的制作技术及其年代,本文对第3次发掘出土的17件铜器和3件铁器进行了成分分析,部分器物进行了显微组织观察。结果表明海门口遗址出土铜器的合金元素有铜、锡、铅、锑、砷等多种成分,当时已有较多的合金配比知识,加工方式多样化,处于较为成熟的青铜时代。2件铁器出土于第6层,1件铁器出土于第5层,出土于第6层的1件铁器进行了金相观察,为人工冶炼的块炼铁,是铁器时代的产物。剑川海门口出土的铜器与周边地区青铜文化出土的铜器也有密切的联系,结合碳十四数据,本文初步推断剑川海门口第3次发掘出土铜铁器的年代应处于春秋到战国时期。     

丸都山城宫殿址研究

正丸都山城是高句丽典型的"簸箕型山城"~[1],同时也是高句丽建都国内城时期(公元3~427年)的山城型都城~[2]。2001~2003年,吉林省文物考古研究所和集安市博物馆等单位对丸都山城进行了大规模的发掘,大体上搞清了城内的基本布局,为研究高句丽历史增添了重要的考古资料~[3]。其中宫殿址区域整体保存较为完好,同时还出土了大量遗物。本文拟就丸都山城宫殿址的年代以及2号、3号建筑址的性质提出一些初步的看法。     

唐九成宫出土铁器的抢救性保护研究

为了探讨九成宫出土铁器严重锈蚀的主要影响因素,为铁器文物研究设计科学有效的保护方法和最佳保存条件,采用X-衍射粉末法分析九成宫出土的11件铁器的锈蚀产物成分。分析结果表明,锈蚀产物的主要成分为α、β、γ三种不同构型的碱式氧化铁和Fe3O4。这是铁器铁碳合金成分Fe-C活性差异引起析氢、吸氧、差异充气等电化学腐蚀产生结构疏松,在九成宫特别潮湿环境中H2O、O2、空气中有害气体不断渗入,铁器粘附土层中溶盐及尘埃中酸、碱、盐溶于铁器表面水膜而进行长期贴附电化学腐蚀的结果。据此,研究设计出对锈蚀严重的出土铁器进行松土,缓蚀松土,络合法除沉积物,冷热交换法脱盐,最后进行缓蚀防腐加固及表面隔氧、防潮、防有害气体的表面封护保护方案。按此方案保护处理了17件锈蚀严重的铁器,保护效果很好,可以作为其它铁器文物保护的重要参考。     

用显微镜和电镜观测高句丽时期丸都山城宫殿址部分铁器的腐蚀状况

为了从宏观和微观上掌握有关高句丽铁器的保存状况、腐蚀产物组成和结构,更深入了解文物保存的宏观表象和微观组分、结构之间的关系,借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、体式显微镜对选定的丸都山城宫殿址出土的8件铁器的基体及锈层进行观察分析.结果表明,褐色腐蚀微滴在器型较大的三件器物中均观察到,其中在2001JWGT806③:67中褐色腐蚀微滴周围的腐蚀物中,还分别观察到红褐色针状和黄褐色片状结构.另外有三件器物的锈蚀层外围都存在白亮枝状结构物质.腐蚀层存在枝状结构的器物中未观察到新腐蚀产物-褐色腐蚀液滴,两者不同时存在.腐蚀层中硫、氯含量呈不均匀性,但此两项影响腐蚀的因素变化趋势类同.从含氧量判断,腐蚀产物尤其是外层含氧量更高.铁钉履腐蚀速率大大超过其余器物,按腐蚀面积计,表面存在黑亮表层的几件器物腐蚀速率明显较低;大型器物的腐蚀明显比小型者严重.     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.