1797-1800年美国与法国准战争探析

18世纪晚期,美国为维护海上权益与地缘安全,加剧了与英法之间的矛盾。美国在《杰伊条约》中对英国的让步,换取到美英之间十年的和睦,却导致美法关系紧张,美国与法国从同盟走向准战争状态。最终美法危机得以和平解决,但这场准战争深深影响了美国早期的内政和外交。     

近代西方在中国东半部的地理探险及主要游记

地理探险和游记是西方认识世界的重要手段。近代西方在中国主要地区开展了许多探险和考察活动,并留下了不少游记报道。但我国学术界对这一题目及有关游记的研究仍属空白。尤其是关于西方近代在我国东半部的探险活动和游记报道,国内外均缺乏系统的介绍。本文对十九世纪后期英国等国在我国东半部地理探险的路线、主要游记作品及其特点进行概括和分析。     

U.S. marital disruptions and their economic and social correlates, 1860-1948

A new estimate of U.S. marital disruptions shows an increase in desertions relative to divorces after 1900. Desertions were the more volatile component of marital disruptions because of their greater responsiveness to general economic conditions. Large marriage cohorts, formed in the years of economic expansion, disrupted in greater numbers: an increase in the marriage rate by 10 per 1,000 unmarried women raised the proportion of disrupted marriage by 7.3 percentage points. Conversely, during years of recession, many poorer couples were discouraged from marriage; smaller marriage cohorts with more resilient marriages were formed and their lifetime marriage disruption rate was lower.