江苏省大遗址保护规划浅析

保护人类历史遗产,有相当多的工作是围绕各类遗址进行的。而随着遗址保护工作的不断深入,业界又提出了“大遗址”的概念。虽然到目前为止,大遗址并没有统一的定义,但总的来说,它非指一种     

中国大遗址 坚持前行和再回首

从“十一五”到“十二五”开局,中国的大遗址保护以星火燎原之势,初步形成以150处大遗址为支撑的全国性格局。过去三年,从2008年的西安到2009年的良渚、洛阳,再到2011年的荆州,历届大遗址论坛的主题形成了中国大遗址保护管理理念清晰的轨迹：从尝试性的大遗址示范园区到探索大遗址保护新模式、提出考古遗址公园概念、《国家考古遗址公园管理办法》出台、公布首批国家考古遗址公园……随着大明宫、秦始皇陵等国家考古遗址公园陆续开园,荆州论坛重提“政府主导”、“科学保护”,不无深意。国家文物局局长单霁翔说,大遗址保护必须坚持科学保护的理念不动摇,坚持全民共建的思路不动摇。     

大遗址概念的由来与发展

“大遗址”不是一个严格意义上的学术甚至工作概念,而是一个综合的、需要放在一定学术研究或工作背景下探讨的概念.它是伴随对中国独具特色的大型古代文化遗址保护实践逐步提出、成熟的工作或管理概念.其从民国时期萌芽到新中国建国初期提出,经过“文革”到改革开放后的发展、完善,是一个漫长过程,是伴随人们对大遗址的认知开始的,并与考古学在中国落地、发展密切相关,与中国现代文物保护意识的出现和兴起密切相关,更与国家的发展与兴旺密切相关.     

大遗址保护理论实践的趋势与展望——基于科学知识图谱方法的实证分析

本文通过综合运用CiteSpace、VOSviewer等科学知识图谱工具,对以“大遗址保护”为关键词的149篇中国知网收录的CSSCI期刊文献进行可视化实证分析,将中国的大遗址保护理论实践研究划分为“基础保护”“实证探索”“协调发展”三个阶段,并从大遗址保护理论思考、大遗址保护规划、考古遗址公园建设、西安片区整体性保护、大遗址区域内的协调发展、大遗址保护与社会经济的协调发展等方面进行系统论述。基于此,从大遗址保护理论实践的对象、方法、内容等方面进行辨析思考,并对未来发展方向进行展望。     

大遗址分类及其地理数据编码研究

“十一五”期间,我国提出100处重要大遗址的保护工作。本工作基于大遗址保护数字化保护的具体需要,将大遗址进行分类,并将其与地理信息相关的数据进行编码,建立我国大遗址的地理数据编码标准,以期在大遗址保护中,对大遗址数据库建设和监测起到基础性支撑作用。     

大型考古遗址公园的探索与实践

大遗址,是根据我国考古遗址的特点,提出的具有中国文化遗产保护特色的概念。经过多年努力,大遗址保护在全国范围内得到广泛推进,包括西安、洛阳、长城、大运河、丝绸之路在内的“两片三线”的大遗址保护格局已经初步确立,实施保护的工作重心也将从宣传和引导,     

图片记忆：南阳的两次文物普查

1958年,是我国工农业生产飞速发展的“大跃进”年代,为进一步贯彻落实关于“重点保护,重点发掘,既对基本建设有利,又对文物保护有利”的两利方针,进一步作好文物保护工作,我被派到南阳,负责丹江水库淹没区的文物调查和发掘工作。     

笔谈：考古遗址公园模式下的大遗址保护管理与活化利用

大遗址保护是从“十一五”以来我国文化遗产保护工作的重点。大遗址的发现、遗产价值内涵和构成、遗产保存状况等,都依赖于考古工作的揭示和认知;另一方面,大遗址保护工作的实践又推动了考古工作的理念和实践发生变化。当前我国大遗址保护面临的主要问题体现在：各级政府没有真正依法将大遗址保护纳入当地经济社会发展规划;大遗址保护和土地资源配置存在很大的矛盾;保护管理体制不顺;保护涉及的各行业部门之间协调性差;以及大遗址保护缺乏国家专项政策的支持,等等。在大遗址保护利用从文物领域的行业性工作走向全民共享的过程中,如何既坚守“专业性”,又延展“公共性”,不仅是推动其可持续发展的核心问题,也是进一步激发和延续生命力的重要方面。大遗址保护利用涉及到的“决策权”与“参与权”之争,主要出现在“中央政府—地方政府”“专家学者—行政官员”“决策群体—社会公众”等几个不同层面,其各自不同的诉求对大遗址保护利用会产生不同的影响。做好大遗址保护利用工作,应明确大遗址保护利用涉及的人口、土地、拆迁、环境、产业结构调整等相关政策;拓宽大遗址保护利用资金渠道;完善提升国家考古遗址公园平台。国家考古遗址公园具有国家性和公共性、整体性...     

江西考古新发现集锦

近年来,江西省认真贯彻执行中央关于“保护为主,抢救第一”的文物工作八字方针,积极配合国家基本建设工程,进行考古调查和抢救性发掘,并开展国际间的考古研究合作项目,取得了可喜成果。万年他人洞和吊桶环遗址1993—1995年由北京大学考古系、江西省文物考古研究所和美国安德沃考古基金会组成的考古队,对万年县大源乡仙人洞和吊桶环遗址进行采样和发掘。两遗址相距约800米。其中吊桶环遗址应为栖息于仙人洞的原始居民在这一带狩猎的临时性营地和屠宰场。两遗址文化堆积分属两大时期,即距今2万一1．5万年的旧石器时代末期及距今1．4万…     

大汶口文化考古的新突破──略谈皖北尉迟寺遗址发掘的收获及意义

一皖北地区考古概况安徽地区的考古工作开始于４０年代,不过当时只是对某一地区进行了初步的调查工作,首先在寿县发现１２处遗址①。５０年代,安徽省博物馆在淮河治理工程和基本建设工程中,对嘉山、亳县、临泉、肥东等７个县进行了调查,又发现１０余处遗址②,但当时...     

Linking Heritage Preservation and Community Development: An Assessment of Grassroots Heritage Based Projects as Vehicles for Socio-Economic Development and Sustainable Heritage Preservation in Zimbabwe

This paper engages the practical aspects of linking heritage, in particular, archaeological heritage, with both individual and community economic development. In recent years, there has been growing realisation that culture, inclusive of cultural heritage, can be both a driver and an enabler of economic development, especially in developing countries. However, few documented examples demonstrate the validity of such arguments. The paper explores some practical examples of how, at the grassroots level, individuals and communities are attempting to exploit archaeological heritage sites as well as other cultural and natural heritage resources for income generation in Zimbabwe. The major thrust of the paper is to assess the manner of use and the viability of such ventures. Since the ability of archaeological heritage to generate revenue and support people around the sites has a direct effect on long-term survival of such heritage, ultimately, the paper contributes to the discourse on linking heritage and economic development as well as the theme of sustainable heritage preservation.     

Implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems to Preserve Cultural Heritage — Pilot Motte Montferland

The shallow subsurface in historic cities often contains extensive archaeological remains, also known as cultural deposits. Preservation conditions for naturally degradable archaeological remains are strongly dependent on the presence or absence of groundwater. One of the main goals at such heritage sites is to establish a stable hydrological environment. Green infrastructural solutions such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) can support preservation of cultural deposits. Several cases show that implementation of SUDS can be cost effective at preservation of cultural deposits. These include Motte of Montferland, City mound of Vlaardingen, Weiwerd in Delfzijl, and the Leidse Rijn area. In all cases, the amount of underground infrastructure is minimised to prevent damaging cultural layers. SUDS have been implemented to preserve cultural heritage. The first monitoring results and evaluation of the processes give valuable lessons learned, transnational knowledge exchange is an important element to bring the experiences across boundaries.     

南方潮湿地区考古遗址迁移保护初探——以长沙国际金融中心建设工地考古遗址迁移保护工程为例

长沙国际金融中心建设工地考古遗址迁移保护工程是大遗址保护实践的有益探索,也是目前遗址保护与区域经济建设协同发展模式下较具现实意义和操作性的一种大型遗址保护途径。本次迁移保护工程是湖南地区首次遗址类不可移动文物大规模迁移保护,采用"表面加固"、"分段整体切割"、"探铲打孔底板嵌套插入隔断"、"聚氨酯发泡固型"四个步骤,对各类型遗存进行科学、完整的迁移保护,该技术在长沙首次成功运用,解决了潮湿土遗址迁移保护的饱水环境、遗址基层不稳定、安全施工等技术难题。希望为南方潮湿地区遗址、墓葬的整体迁移保护提供有益的借鉴。     

Political Crisis and Palestine's Cultural Heritage: A Case Study from the Khirbet el-Lauz Site in Area C

Abstract

The protection of Palestine's archaeological heritage faces several serious obstacles: unenforced laws, lack of public awareness, deterioration of Palestine's economic status, unregulated urban development, and the protracted political conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis. As a result, a significant number of archaeological features and sites have been vandalized, looted, or intentionally destroyed without compunction over the past several decades. The Palestinian-Israeli political conflict has negatively affected the archaeological heritage in “Area C,” which remains under complete Israeli civil and military control. This area includes nearly 60% of the archaeological heritage located within the Palestinian Occupied Territories, but the Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage lacks the authority to monitor and protect these sites. Furthermore, the Israeli civil and military authorities in the West Bank do not provide the necessary protection of cultural heritage resources in Area C. The devastation of these resources throughout the Palestinian Territories provides the impetus for this research. The main aim is to identify the results of the political conflict on Palestinian archaeological and cultural heritage sites, using a case study at the site of Khirbet el-Lauz.     

From conflict archaeology to archaeologies of conflict: remote survey in Kandahar,Afghanistan

ABSTRACT

Emerging from research with the Afghan Heritage Mapping Partnership, a multi-year project using satellite imagery to detect, record and manage archaeological heritage, this paper examines the potentials of remote-sensing to not only monitor archaeological material culture, but also contemporary materiality as it is violently (re)assembled through conflict. Through systematic remote-sensed archaeological survey using diachronic imagery in Kandahar, Afghanistan, this work expands archaeological understanding of an under-surveyed region while exploring the impact of the region’s expansive military infrastructural footprint on cultural heritage. Further, this research considers the long history of landscapes of control and successive military occupations. Remote survey allows for continued generation of archaeological data during conflict, thereby enabling more thorough heritage management. Finally, this survey demonstrates that, although remote aerial technologies have been criticized as tools of violence, surveillance and control, satellite imagery can be used analytically to generate new understandings of and challenges to military infrastructural reach.     

Heritage Management and Interpretation: Challenges to Heritage Site-Based Values,Reflections from the Heritage Site of Umm Qais,Jordan

The management of archaeological heritage is complex and problematic for site identity and local culture. Inattention to the array of values of heritage sites leads to the supremacy of a number of them and provides a controversy story of the archaeological site in question. Any heritage management and interpretation effort should correctly identify the different values of the site. Indeed, there is a need to manage and interpret the sites in a way to address the connection between the sites-based values and the associated and surrounding features. In current heritage management practice, values and values-based management are considered to be one of the most important approaches for the management of archaeological heritage. This study aims to understand how the values of the archaeological site of Umm Qais in northern Jordan can be adequately managed as both a natural and cultural landscape. At issue are conflicting views over the different values, their meaning and their uses by the different stakeholders. This research focuses on the ways in which these values are managed and interpreted to the public and whether it is done properly and in a fair manner. The fieldwork study led to a more complex understanding of how conflicting perceptions of values of Umm Qais as a national heritage site by the different stakeholders have affected implementation of management and interpretation projects. The results presented here indicate that the heritage management approach from the case study of Umm Qais focuses specifically on values associated with the physical archaeological aspect of the site, while those associated with the historic neighborhood of the site are neglected. The interpretation of the site has frequently focused on certain aspects of values at the expense of others. Information and insights gained from this study and specific suggestions for changing approaches are considered with regard to potential impacts on the management of the archaeological site and with regard to the public in general.     

Mounds,Towns, and their Surrounds: An Archaeological,Historical, and Geophysical Approach to Burial Mounds,Residential Space,and Cultural Landscapes of the Late Woodland Springwells Site (a.d. 800–1400) at Historic Fort Wayne,Detroit

Historic Fort Wayne is located on the Detroit River in a landscape of heavy industry and marginalized urban neighborhoods (figure 1). Geophysical survey south of the Fort Wayne Mound—a Late Woodland Period burial mound enclosed by the Fort—indicates that pre-contact residential structures may be preserved at the site. Residential sites with mortuary monuments are uncommon in southeastern Michigan and represent an opportunity to better understand variation in Late Woodland settlement. Our approach combines existing archaeological research, historical records, and non-invasive geophysical survey in a culturally sensitive Native American site context presently unavailable for conventional archaeological excavation. We examine archaeological and historical records from Springwells and Late Woodland period settlements in the region to contextualize geophysical evidence from the site. The research prioritizes protection of Native American heritage sites in urban contexts together with ongoing archaeological interpretation of the Late Woodland cultural Landscape.     

Monitoring Islamic Archaeological Landscapes in Ethiopia Using Open Source Satellite Imagery

The African landscape is set to change dramatically in the coming years, and will have a detrimental impact on the inherent archaeological and cultural heritage elements if not monitored adequately. This paper explores how satellite imagery, in particular open source imagery (Google Earth, multispectral satellite imagery from Landsat and Sentinel-2), can be utilized to monitor and protect sites that are already known with particular reference to Islamic archaeological sites in Ethiopia. The four sites used are in different geographic and geomorphological areas: three on the Somali Plateau (Harlaa, Harar, and Sheikh Hussein), and one on the edge of the Afar Depression (Nora), and have varied histories. The results indicate that open source satellite imagery offers a mechanism for evaluating site status and conservation over time at a large scale, and can be used on data from other areas of Africa by heritage professionals in the African continent at no cost.     

The Protection of Archaeological Sites in Taiwan

Abstract

There are roughly 2300 recognized archaeological sites in Taiwan. Under the Cultural Properties Preservation Law (CPPL) of 1982, archaeological heritage falls under the category of 'historic relics'. However, archaeological sites are not designated as such until they have been excavated and studied to prove their cultural value. Protection of the archaeological heritage has been reinforced through the Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIAA), which regulates all environmental management plans. These study and determine the degree and scope of the potential impact of development on the cultural environment.

The CPPL was extensively amended and promulgated in 2005, and in this recent document discussed archaeological heritage in a distinct chapter (Chapter 3 with 16 acts). Furthermore, three regulations have been issued concerning the examination of designations of archaeological sites, qualification standards for excavation, as well as the administration and protection of archaeological sites. The newly enacted Cultural Law and Regulations confer competent authorities at all levels with all powers to supervise, administer, and then protect valuable buried cultural property. Although the protection of archaeological heritage has been better enforced since 2005, archaeological remains in Taiwan are still under various threats. Preservation of the cultural heritage is threatened by development, in many cases resulting in impasse. This paper discusses several recent examples of such dilemmas and presents a personal opinion on a better way to settle the controversy.