鄂赣皖边区从艺录──汤翰英和她的家庭班

鄂赣皖边区的老艺人及老观众,提起黄梅采茶戏女艺人汤四姐,无人不晓。她在黄梅戏舞台上奋斗了40余年,从艺地区遍及长江南北、部湖两岸、太白湖东西、龙感湖上下的鄂赣皖边区12个县的城乡,是名副其实浪迹江湖的老艺人。汤四姐这个艺名,是根据她拜盟排行的称呼,真名汤翰英。生于清光绪三十一年（1905年）农历十月二十六日,从小就在龙感湖边、东港河畔割蒿、扳富、打猪草、锄麦、捡棉花—…·与小姐妹们学了不少民歌小曲。附近村子采茶戏名优梅金玉、梁松贵、梅重喜三对夫妇的从艺生涯,对她起了很大的影响作用,漂学了不少采茶、文曲片…     

1640—1949年影响江浙沪地区超强台风序列的重建

超强台风是影响我国沿海地区最严重的自然灾害之一。依托现代台风研究成果,利用地方志、档案、报刊等资料,归纳风力程度、人口死亡、房屋损坏、农作物损失、官民赈济以及影响范围6个指标,建立历史时期超强台风的识别方法,重建1640—1949年影响我国江浙沪地区的超强台风序列,并以1950—2019年的现代超强台风序列为参照进行统计检验,结果表明此方法能较好识别历史时期的超强台风事件。重建序列显示平均每10年发生2—3次超强台风,且存在明显波动,波动趋势与一般台风有所不同。     

山地聚落历史人口的重建:以近三百年云南峨山沿河村为例

重建山地聚落人口变化的时空过程对认识历史时期人口发展有重要意义。本文以西南山地聚落沿河村为例,以田野调查资料为主,辅以历史文献和档案,利用估算户数和户均口数的方法重建了沿河村近三百年的人口变化过程。户数以某一时点占主导的世代可婚男子数作为代用指标进行折算;户均口数使用家庭结构模型,以流域内多个聚落人口的婚姻、生育和死亡数据推算出时段上的平均值,再通过1953年流域人口的年龄构成和多个聚落的户均子女和老人数得到平均值作为经验值,代入1920年之前户均口数的重建中,得到长时序的户均口数。重建结果通过对比检验,表明该方法能较好地重建历史时期山地聚落代际分辨率的人口序列。分析发现,该山地聚落人口变化具有大起大落和阶段性发展的特征,且大落的速度比大起的速度快。     

大河三角洲历史河网密度格网化重建方法——以上海市青浦区1918-1978年为研究范围

本研究以2004年上海市青浦区为研究范围,基于GIS技术构建格网体系,提取1918年和1978年2份军用地形图中的湖荡面积、河网密度、河流长度等指标,比对两者相关指数的分布状况和变化程度发现1918-1978年本区河网密化最主要的原因在于开挖新渠的同时大量保留地表原有水体。通过本个案研究总结出大河三角洲历史河网面貌的复原方法包括图形资料实测情况判断、实际分辨率分析、误差来源探讨、调校误差、格网体系构建等步骤。     

制度·思想·人物·社会:研究历史的内在逻辑

历史研究是有着结构性位序的逻辑研究,要按照历史发展的自身逻辑展开的状态进行研究,所谓复原历史、重建历史,是有一定的客观标准的,我们不能脱离历史发展的内在逻辑去复原历史、去重建历史,那样的历史尽管多种多样,但历史发展中的内在结构的逻辑性就会消失了。就历史的内涵看,制度是历史的骨干,思想是历史的灵魂,人是历史的主体,社会是历史的本体,统而观之,它们是一个有内在系统性和逻辑性的有机整体。     

"江西填湖广"填出的地名故事

在中国历史上,从明初便开始了一场规模浩大的人口大迁移,到明末清初更达到高潮。这场人口大迁移是由两句话概括而成, 即：湖广填四川、江西填湖广。四川诸多县都曾做过关于“湖广填四川”的数据统计,湖北却没有“江西填湖广”的记录。江西填湖广,都填到哪儿去了呢? 武汉历史文化的渊源常可以在作为地方历史大事记的地名里探寻得到。那些被正史遗忘且尘封多年的民族迁移史竟然也从地名中一个接一个地冒了出来。     

基于1875—2013年多源数据的上海淀泖湖荡群演变研究

基于晚清舆图、民国时期的大比例尺地图和现代测绘地图、卫星影像等资料,提出利用GIS软件提取晚清舆图中地表水体的数字化方案。通过6个时间断面(1875年、1918年、1959年、1978年、2000年、2013年),复原了近一百多年来淀泖湖荡群水域面积的变化过程。结果表明,1875年以来,淀泖湖荡群水域面积持续萎缩,而以1959-1978年间最为严重。淀泖湖荡群水域面积缩小的直接原因是20世纪60-70年代上海郊县水利体系的重构,导致淀泖湖荡群滞纳汛期积水的重要性降低。     

20世纪50年代中国渔民行政区置废初探

20世纪50年代我国进行了一系列的行政区划调整,以发动渔民进行民主改革为目的而在中南地区、华东地区设置的诸多渔民行政区即属此类。渔民行政区又名水上行政区,正式定名于1952年中共中央下达的《关于渔民工作的指示》中。在相关城市设立市辖区"水上区",在沿湖地带"按湖设治",在沿海地带以港口为中心设立渔民县、渔民区、渔民乡。本文对"水上区"和渔民县进行了政区置废的过程复原。按湖设治的洪湖县、微山县和洪泽县,沿海地带因港设治的洞头县、定海县、岱山县、普陀县、嵊泗县、珠海县得以延续至今,震泽县、雷东县、石岛县、大衢县、舟山县已被撤销。渔民行政区的置废是行政区划改革的有益尝试。     

历史矿区土地利用重建研究:以近代云南个旧锡矿为例

历史土地利用重建是LUCC研究的重要基础工作之一,在区域土地等资源开发及利用和环境变迁等研究中有着重要研究价值。受历史资料和数据属性局限,学界对历史上矿采用地状况及其反映的地理特征研究,量化手段和精确性不足,复原历史矿区土地利用更为少见。本文依据近世矿业档案、地理资源调查等资料,以近现代云南经济史上颇具影响的个旧锡矿为例,复原矿厂、厂尖及户数等的空间布局,重建其土地利用过程,并进一步探讨矿区人地作用相互关系的演变状况。     

古代日记在历史台风研究中的利用方法探析

以19世纪影响浙北地区台风重建为例,讨论了利用古代日记识别区域台风影响和建立序列的方法。根据台风影响下的天气现象,借鉴现代台风影响标准,制定了适用于日记天气信息的影响台风辨识标准。依据标准,使用经过筛选的高分辨率日记天气信息,排除其他天气系统的影响,辨识出了1815-1905年影响浙北地区的130次台风,重建了影响台风频次序列。使用两种检验方式证明了资料和方法的有效性。重建结果分辨率与现代研究非常接近,经过插补基本可以实现两个时段序列研究的对接。利用古代日记对延长台风活动规律精确研究的时限、提高历史台风研究的科学性大有助益。     

Holocene land-use evolution and associated soil erosion in the French Prealps inferred from Lake Paladru sediments and archaeological evidences

A source-to-sink multi-proxy approach has been performed within Lake Paladru (492 m a.s.l., French Prealps) catchment and a 6-m long sediment sequence retrieved from the central lacustrine basin. The combination of minerogenic signal, specific organic markers of autochthonous and allochthonous supply and archaeological data allows the reconstruction of a continuous record of past human disturbances. Over the last 10,000 years, the lacustrine sedimentation was dominated by autochthonous carbonates and the watershed was mostly forest-covered. However, seven phases of higher accumulation rate, soil erosion, algal productivity and landscape disturbances have been identified and dated from 8400 to 7900, 6000 to 4800, 4500 to 3200, 2700 to 2050 cal BP as well as AD 350–850, AD 1250–1850 and after AD 1970. Before 5200 cal BP, soil erosion is interpreted as resulting from climatic deterioration phases towards cooler and wetter conditions. During the Mid-Late Holocene period, erosion fluxes and landscape disturbances are always associated with prehistorical and historical human activities and amplified by climatic oscillations. Such changes in human land-used led to increasing minerogenic supply and nutrients loading that affected lacustrine trophic levels, especially during the last 1600 years. In addition, organic and molecular markers document previously unknown human settlements around Lake Paladru during the Bronze and the Iron Ages.     

Lake Nuga Nuga: a Levee‐dammed Lake in Central Queensland,Australia

Lake Nuga Nuga is a levee‐dammed lake in the dry sub‐humid tropics of the Fitzroy Basin in Central Queensland, Australia, that has expanded significantly since it was first mapped in 1866. ²¹⁰Pb dating of a sediment core from the lake indicates that the rate of sedimentation has been constant for the past 67 years at 3 mm yr^?1 despite widespread clearing and land use intensification in the catchment during that time. Pollen analysis confirms this and shows that there was little change in vegetation during the early settlement period (1863–1962), but the intensification of land use that started in the early 1960s brought about a dramatic change in the vegetation communities. This study demonstrates that while sediment production may be significantly impacted by land‐use activities, sediment delivery is primarily controlled by topography.     

The Eppalock Soil Conservation Project,Victoria, Australia: The Prevention of Resevoir Sedementation and the Politics of Catchment Management

The Eppalock Soil Conservation Project (ESCP) is a celebrated ‘whole-of-catchment’ management project implemented upstream of Lake Eppalock reservoir in Victoria, Australia. In 1959, a Victorian Parliamentary Public Works Committee (PPWC) found that the enlarged reservoir would be endangered by sedimentation as a result of severe erosion in the catchment. One of the main objectives of the ESCP was therefore to minimise the amount of sediment entering Lake Eppalock. The reservoir has not subsequently filled with sediment, and this fact has been used to suggest that the catchment scheme was successful in preventing reservoir sedimentation. It is argued here, however, that the estimate of sedimentation presented by the PPWC was inflated and that, even in the absence of a catchment management scheme, Lake Eppalock was not in danger of losing a significant proportion of its capacity to sedimentation. The proponents of the ESCP may have overstated the sedimentation threat to provide justification for what has become an outstanding catchment management project. Prior to the ESCP and despite overpowering evidence, successive governments had failed to respond to the threat of soil erosion. The immediate threat to a large public asset provided the politically powerful lever that was required to justify a total catchment approach to erosion control. Given the circumstances leading up to the 1959 PPWC Inquiry, the actions of the ESCP proponents cannot be criticised. However, this study provides a timely reminder that we cannot accept the apparent achievements of natural resource management projects without first examining the science and politics driving the project.     

Millet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule

We report on the detection, in a sediment core drilled in Lake Le Bourget (French Alps), of a fossil molecule (miliacin) that was synthesized by broomcorn millet cultivated in the watershed, and then exported to the sediment. The variation in abundance of this molecule allows us reconstructing the history of millet cultivation around Lake Le Bourget. Our results support the introduction of millet around −1700 BC in the region. After an intensive cultivation during the Late Bronze Age, the failure of millet cropping during the Hallstatt period coincides with a phase of climatic deterioration. Millet cultivation recovers during the Roman and Mediaeval periods before falling most probably due to the introduction of more productive cereals. These pioneering results constitute the first continuous record of an agrarian activity covering the last 6000 years and emphasize the close relationships between local hydrology, land use and agro-pastoral activities around Lake Le Bourget.     

Rugged Plateaus and Extensive Floodplains — Modelling Landform Evolution in a Northern Australian Catchment

Medium to large natural catchments are often more spatially heterogeneous than small catchments or single landforms. Attempting to model landform evolution of large areas is consequently more complex. This paper demonstrates that modelling landform evolution in medium to large catchments can be improved by calibrating the model to smaller, more geomorphologically homogenous sub‐catchments. The paper investigates landform evolution in the Ngarradj catchment in the Northern Territory of Australia (a medium scale catchment of approximately 67 km²). The catchment is complex and contains two distinct landform regions; an upland plateau region with highly dissected sandstone and shallow, sandy soils, and a lowlands region with gentle, wooded slopes and floodplains with deep, sandy soils. The SIBERIA landform evolution model is calibrated and applied to the Ngarradj catchment. The complexity of the Ngarradj catchment is incorporated into the modelling by dividing the catchment into three sub‐catchments (Swift Creek (SC), Upper Main (UM) and East Tributary (ET)) which are relatively homogeneous and for which hydrology and sediment transport data are available. A discharge‐area relationship and long‐term, sediment loss rates for the catchment are derived based on an annual series flood frequency analysis of a 20 year runoff record predicted in a previous study. Sediment transport modelling incorporates both suspended and bedload sediment loss. The denudation rates derived using these data are 37, 63 and 77 mm kyr^?1 for the SC, UM and ET sub‐catchments, respectively. Model predictions indicate that the UM sub‐catchment will have the greatest mean erosion. This is balanced by the large amount of deposition that will occur in the upper Ngarradj valley of the UM sub‐catchment. Further deposition occurs on the floodplain of Ngarradj, with the area between the SC and ET/UM (up‐stream) sub‐catchments experiencing a small net accretion of sediment (15 mm kyr^?1).     

The boat grave studies of Sutton Hoo and Vendel ‐ A Palaeoenvironmental study

This study is part of the project ‘Vegetational development and land use during the pre‐Viking period. A comparative study of environmental history in northern Uppland, Sweden, and East Anglia, England’. The main aim of the project is to reconstruct the palaeoenvironments within the catchment areas of Lake Vendelsjön, northern Uppland, and the river Deben, East Anglia. The project employs a variety of palaeoecological methods such as sedimentation processes and rates, erosion levels, changes in sea level and climatic influences, the effects of land uplift and changes in land use. The time period covered by the project is the last 3000 years.     

明清时期福州西湖水环境变迁及其治理研究

明清时期,福州西湖水环境总体趋劣。明代西湖水源较为充足,水质状况良好;万历以降,受民间占垦等社会因素影响,湖域面积缩减,水质日渐趋下;清代中后期,福州城内水道淤浅,江潮渐绝,西湖水源趋向单一。明清时期西湖水环境的变动,除了受区域气候干湿变化、山地森林水土保持以及湖泊含沙量的影响之外,还与人为的水地之争密切相关。由于人地关系紧张,加之水资源权属不清、新垦湖田税赋征收模糊等,获取湖利的必然性刺激了民间占湖为地的行为。地方官府也曾采取如修闸筑坝护堤、追返侵地还湖、清理粪秽淤泥等治理措施,并取得阶段性成效,但受区域人口、土地资源与生存环境等社会经济因素的影响,西湖历经多次治理仍积弊难除。     

Holocene paleoshorelines,water levels and submerged prehistoric site potential of Rice Lake (Ontario,Canada)

Rice Lake, located in the eastern Great Lakes of North America, has a high density of prehistoric (11–0.5 ka BP) terrestrial archaeological sites. It has been speculated that a large number of sites are submerged on the lakebed, as lake levels have risen >9 m since the arrival of Early Paleoindian peoples (∼11 ka BP). In order to better understand the submerged landscape and its archaeological potential, a detailed bathymetric survey and sediment-coring program was conducted across a 30-km² area of northeastern Rice Lake. Changes in Holocene water levels and shoreline positions were reconstructed by integrating core data with a digital elevation and bathymetric model (DEBM) that accounted for differential isostatic uplift and basin sedimentation. The DEBM was used to generate a series of maps showing changes in the lake paleobathmetry and paleogeography and areas of prehistoric archaeological potential.     

In Situ Preservation of Wetland Heritage: Hydrological and Chemical Change in the Burial Environment of the Somerset Levels,UK

Abstract

In situ preservation is a core strategy for the conservation and management of waterlogged remains at wetland sites. Inorganic and organic remains can, however, quickly become degraded, or lost entirely, as a result of chemical or hydrological changes. Monitoring is therefore crucial in identifying baseline data for a site, the extent of spatial and or temporal variability, and in evaluating the potential impacts of these variables on current and future in situ preservation potential.

Since August 2009, monthly monitoring has taken place at the internationally important Iron Age site of Glastonbury Lake Village in the Somerset Levels, UK. A spatial, stratigraphic, and analytical approach to the analysis of sediment horizons and monitoring of groundwater chemistry, redox potential, water table depth and soil moisture (using TDR) was used to characterize the site.

Significant spatial and temporal variability has been identified, with results from water-table monitoring and some initial chemical analysis from Glastonbury presented here. It appears that during dry periods parts of this site are at risk from desiccation. Analysis of the chemical data, in addition to integrating the results from the other parameters, is ongoing, with the aim of clarifying the risk to the entire site.     

16世纪至20世纪60年代滇池沿岸的 低田与深水稻种植

明清以降,滇池在岁修制度下常年疏浚海口,水域范围基本稳定,但受季风气候影响,其水位存在明显季节性变化,夏秋上涨,冬春下降,主要表现为沿岸低田在雨季即周期性被湖水淹没的特点。随着滇池流域坝田开发趋于饱和,滇池沿岸低田的深水稻“水涨谷”,在明清之际逐步系统种植,实现滨湖低田稻作与滇池水位季节性变化的生态耦合。这种局面到20世纪60年代末彻底改变,入滇河道上游大小水库的修建,使滨湖低田逐渐干田化,水涨谷生长的水域环境发生变化。观察滇池水域环境与稻作生态互动的关系,发现当区域环境呈现出长时段的规律性变化,就可能变“害”为“利”,这是人与自然相处中适应并利用自然的智慧展现。