建国以来中国天主教史研究综述

<正>由于在掌握语言、史料方面的优势和对教会史研究的现实需要,中国天主教史的研究最早是从天主教会内部开始的。尤其在20世纪上半叶,天主教史的研究基本都呈现出通史研究的倾向。最早对中国天主教进行研究的是华人耶稣会士黄伯禄神父,他的《正教奉褒》列有晚清各地方官府针对天主教发布的告示,现已成为研究清末教会的重要资料。民国年间,华人耶稣会士萧静山司铎的《天主教传行中国考》(献县天主堂,     

黑龙江各地东正教及其历史沿革

东正教是基督教三大主要教派(天主教、正教、新教)之一。自公元一○五四年与罗马天主教公开分裂以来,至今已有七百多年的历史了。东正教单独建立教会,自选教会最高首脑及教会机构各级神职人员,在世界上拥有八个牧首区,九个独立教会,教徒约一亿。在世界三大宗教活动中,占有举足轻重的地位,目前,在我国,它是被承认的合法宗教之一。东正教传入我国,是沙皇俄国侵华政策的产物,它“用传教的鬼话来掩盖掠夺政策。”用     

东正教与俄罗斯精神

东正教是基督教的一个教派,它与天主教和新教并列为基督教的三大派系。1054年,基督教正式分裂为东西两派。西部教会自称"罗马天主教"。东部教会强调自己的"正统性",自称"东正教"。公元988年,基辅罗斯的弗拉基米尔大公将东正教宣布为国教,并强制国民信仰东正教。     

东正教与俄罗斯精神

东正教是基督教的一个教派。它与天主教和新教并列为基督教的三大派系。1054年。基督教正式分裂为东西两派。西部教会自称“罗马天主教”。东部教会强调自己的“正统性”,自称“东正教”。公元988年。基辅罗斯的弗拉基米尔大公将东正教宣布为国教,并强制国民信仰东正教。     

浅析山西潞安教区天主教传教人员的本土化

潞安教区天主教的发展,经历了数百年的风雨历程之后,在潞安地区取得了传教的成功,但这与教会自身与当地文化的融合关系甚大。在与当地文化融合的过程中,也出现了教会的本土化:传教人员的本土化和国籍教区的出现以及主教的本土化。从而在教会发展的进程中,更加速了当地人员对教会的认识,增进了教会的发展。     

挑战中世纪教会权威的生理学家哈维

中世纪西欧受着天主教教会和神学的严厉控制。为了维护教会的绝对权威,教会对许多根本与信仰无关的事情做出了结论,尽管这些结论很多是荒诞不经的,但却是神圣不可更改的。许许多多纯粹是学术的、科学的问题,一旦被教会染指,就变成了信仰问题、政治问题和刑事问题,同宗教迫害和政治迫害连在了一起。     

第三帝国与教会

第三帝国与教会邸文德国是一个基督教具有重大影响的国家。９２％的民众信奉天主教和新教。第三帝国建立之后,教会与国家的关系经历了顺应、支持和与之保持某种对立的变化过程。希特勒上台之后,竭尽全力,采取亲善教会的举动,旨在争取和强制教会顺从法西斯的独裁统治。...     

天主教鄂东教区划分始末

天主教于1627年传人武汉,1696年建立了湖广代牧区（主教未到任）。天主教在一个地区的地方教会,有等级的区分,但习惯都统称为“教区”。列人教会正式编制的为正规的教区,其主教是被祝圣了的“正权主教”．有管理所辖教区的完整权力：“代牧区”一般情况下亦有被祝圣的主教主持教区教务,但其职权受到一定限制;“监牧区”一般没有被祝圣的主教任职,其职权更次之。     

山西地方官与山西天主教

明末天主教传入山西时,山西地方官支持、帮助传教士在境内传教;清初山西地方官对天主教的政策与朝廷保持一致,但在禁教时期没有积极禁教,教禁解除后仍视之为邪教,抑制它的发展;1901年后,不得不实行护教政策;民国时期阎锡山支持教会在境内发展。     

“奢侈主教” 引发德国退教潮

美国监听欧洲政要的风波未了,如今一场新的风暴正席卷欧洲国家。天主教德国林堡教区主教埃尔斯特涉嫌腐败,激起民愤和舆论谴责。埃尔斯特挪用公款3100万欧元(1欧元约合8.1元人民币)建造私人别墅,生活奢靡,引发信徒退教浪潮。信徒们还纷纷到各教会机构前进行抗议,要求天主教教会公开财政、清查奢侈花费,以杜绝腐败行为。此事出在德国,并不意外。德国对宗教信仰非常重视,是世界上仅有的几     

Belonging without believing: Catholics in contemporary Italy

Abstract

This article seeks to illustrate some characteristics of the religiosity of Italians, focusing on Catholicism and interpreting the data in the light of the model of religious economy. The issue of belonging to the Catholic Church is addressed first, with an emphasis on problems of measurement and on the factors which underlie the differentiation of religious orientations in Italy. Next, the practice of Catholicism, primarily attendance at Mass, is examined as an indicator of the diffusion and vitality of the Catholic Church, and its course since the Second World War is described. Finally, the article deals with the issue of belief, showing Italians’ widely diffused propensity to ‘deviate’ from full Catholic orthodoxy. Our analysis shows that while the Catholic Church has maintained its pre‐eminent position in Italy's internal religious market, it has lost ground in recent decades and at present must contend with a considerable lack of both vitality and orthodoxy.     

The Dichotomous Legacy of the Catholic Church’s Opposition to the Philippine Revolution of 1896

ABSTRACT

This article examines the repositioning of the Catholic Church in the aftermath of the Philippine Revolution of 1896–98, during the transfer of Spanish to American colonial rule. It reviews the consultations between the outgoing Spanish bishops and the Vatican’s Apostolic Delegate, Placido Chapelle, in January 1900, and the subsequent religious settlement promulgated in the Vatican’s Apostolic Constitution for the Philippine Church, Quae mari Sinico, in 1902. The Delegate’s identification with the Spanish bishops and their opposition to Filipino nationalist aspirations and the Filipino secular clergy confirmed the anti-Filipino position of the Church in the American colonial period. Both the Filipino bishops and the American bishops opposed independence and distrusted the nationalist leaders as anti-clerical Masons. This is followed by a discussion of the claimed reconciliation of Church and Filipino political aspirations in the post-Vatican II period in the 1960s, which culminated in the Church’s role in bringing down President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Committed to a theology of social justice, the bishops now aligned the Church with progressive democratic nationalists. In its successful opposition to the Marcos dictatorship in the name of “People’s Power,” the hierarchy claimed that through the “Miracle of EDSA” the Church had identified with and indeed represented the political will of the Filipino people.     

German First World War Memorials in Transylvania

Abstract

In 1784 King Stanis?aw August Poniatowski undertook a splendid progress across the south-western parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The official account of the journey prompts the reflection that even in this linguistically and confessionally mixed part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the precedence over other confessions of the Catholic Church of both rites, Latin and Ruthenian, was axiomatic. By the mid-eighteenth century, about five-sixths of the Commonwealth’s population, the vast majority of the noble citizenry, and the entire legislature were Catholic. However, Catholics of the Latin rite constituted only about half of the population. Most Catholics of the Ruthenian rite (Uniates) were in only nominal obedience to Rome; they were the object of a struggle for the allegiance and salvation of souls, conducted between an advancing Catholic Church and a retreating Orthodox Church. The fault line between Eastern and Western Christendom ran through both the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Orthodoxy retained strongholds in both parts of the Commonwealth. However, the position of the ‘Latin’ Church was, in most ways, significantly weaker in the Grand Duchy, where the majority of the inhabitants were Uniates. Adapting recent mutations in ‘confessionalization theory’, this paper first reviews the confessional balance, and the privileges, structures, educational institutions, and missionary work of the Catholic Church (of both rites) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the eighteenth century. It then asks how the dramatic events of Stanis?aw August’s reign (1764–95) affected Catholic supremacy. These changes included the enforced removal of the Catholic monopoly of the legislature in 1768, the impact of the first partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, the Orthodox revivals under Bishops Georgii Konisskii and Viktor Sadkovskii, as well as the formulation of new policies intended to promote loyalty to the Commonwealth and social cohesion during the Four Years’ Sejm (1788–92). It concludes that the partial ‘deconfessionalization’ of the polity had (or might have had) a proportionately greater impact on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania than on the Polish Crown.     

太平洋战争时期的四平集中营——伪满当局对东北境内同盟国天主教神职人员的政策

四平集中营为太平洋战争时期,伪满当局在东北设立的最主的一所关押问盟国天主教神职人员的集中营,通过研究该集中营的设立背景和关押政策,可以了解当时伪满当局及日本政府对同盟国和天主教会的态度。本文认为伪满当局在关押同盟国天主教神职人员的问题上基本遵守了国际公约,这反映出伪满当局以及日本政府对天主教会的“友好”态度和对欧洲文明的尊崇。     

Four Decades of “Discreet” Charismata: The Catholic Apostolic Church in Australia 1863–1900

For some years, the historiography of Australian Pentecostalism has been dominated by the belief that Pentecostalism came to Australia in 1909 through the agency of Sarah Jane Lancaster who had, in turn, been influenced by news of overseas events. There had, apparently, been little or no influence in the Australian context by such groups as the Catholic Apostolic Church, which formed in Britain in 1835, in the wake of Edward Irving's proto‐Pentecostal theology. Although members of the Catholic Apostolic Church arrived in Melbourne in the 1850s, the general view was that they had by then abandoned their earlier pursuit of the charismata. In 2012, I argued (based on a limited sample of evidence) that the adherents of the Catholic Apostolic Church in Australia both taught and practised the charismata throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. This evidence is contained in the Angels’ Report Books, located in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Since then, the Bradford collection has been fully digitised, thereby allowing a comprehensive review of the Catholic Apostolic Church's charismatic activity and further evaluation of the Lancaster hypothesis. The significance of this research is that it allows a considerable re‐framing of the pre‐history of Australian Pentecostalism, demonstrating that the Catholic Apostolic Church taught and practised glossolalia, prophecy and divine healing through the last four decades of the nineteenth century.     

The Roman Catholic Church: committed to the poor in Guatemala

The coexistence of conservative and liberation perspectives within the Roman Catholic Church still causes disagreements. However, since Vatican II, the Catholic Church in Guatemala has established a commitment to act as a church of the poor. There is tension between Guatemala's elite and the Church, which has led to the murders of Church members and the issuance of death threats to others. Although the growth of evangelical movements has caused the Church to lose influence, the Church remains committed to the poor, which places it in sharp contradistinction to neoliberalism.     

Two forms of Catholicism in twenty-first-century Italian public debate: an analysis of positions on same-sex marriage and Muslim dress codes

There is a peculiar relationship between religion and the political system in twenty-first-century Italy. In particular, the collapse of the Democrazia Cristiana party has favored the rise of new political entrepreneurs eager to exploit religion as a legitimacy factor, while the Catholic Church has attempted to influence politics without the mediation of any specific political party. New debates involving religious values have therefore developed. This article analyzes the positions taken and the frames proposed by Italy’s Catholic political actors in relation to two particularly telling issues, that of same-sex marriage and that of the Muslim dress codes. Its most striking finding is the presence in the Italian political system of two distinct forms of Catholicism in politics. One, promoted by the Catholic Church and followed by most centrist Catholics, is quite tolerant in terms of social and religious pluralism and supportive of human rights and social justice, but it emphasizes the ‘traditional’ heterosexual family as the cornerstone of society. The other, ‘civilizational’ form, promoted by the Lega Nord and some other center-right representatives and intellectuals, is based on an idea of Italian citizenship articulated in religious, cultural, and ethnic terms, and thus excluding those who are not members of this community. Here Christian identity is not defined by the Church’s teachings, but rather represents a marker of Western civilization in opposition to Muslim civilization.     

The Role of "Sibling Rivalry" in the "(Re)discovery of America Controversy"

French Louisiana is Catholic country. Because of the association between the Louisiana French and the Roman Catholic Church, the Church's role in French ethnic persistence has always been taken for granted. However, from a paternalistic colonial Church, the Louisiana Catholic Church has become an American one very much out of touch with the cultural character of the population it has served. In the racial field the Church's conformity to American values has impaired the unity of the Louisiana French. In the matter of language the Church has helped to undermine the position of French in French Louisiana society. The assertion of one's Catholicism in French Louisiana at a time of increasing Anglo-American contacts may simply be a reliable way of saying “we are us—not them.”     

The disillusionment of Robert Dell: the intellectual journey of a Catholic socialist

ABSTRACT

This article considers attempts in the late nineteenth century to bring about a confluence of Catholicism and Socialism in Britain by examining the writing and correspondence of one man, the art critic and Fabian socialist Robert Dell. Beginning with Dell’s involvement as a young man in London-based radical politics, the article examines his efforts to bring his socialist politics and Catholic faith together. Dell attempted this through stressing a narrative of Catholic collectivism, under the aegis of a benevolent Church, contrasted with a post-Reformation Protestant individualism leading to the inequities of capitalism. The appeal of Catholicism in a Victorian Britain undergoing a collective crisis of faith is addressed. The second part of the article documents the failure of these attempts and Dell’s disillusionment with the Catholic hierarchy that by 1908 had led to a complete break on Dell’s part with the Catholic establishment. The catalyst for this break was the brutal treatment of Catholic Modernists such as George Tyrrell, Maude Petre and St George Mivart by the Vatican and the English Catholic leadership. Dell’s final rejection of organised Catholicism is charted through pamphlets, newspaper articles and personal correspondence. Ultimately, the article considers how Dell’s early political and theological career reflects on the relative positions of Catholicism and socialism at the turn of the twentieth century, and more broadly the dynamics of personal belief and political allegiances.     

Italian identity: Catholic responses to secularist definitions,c.1910–48

In united Italy, assertions by Catholic militants about their nation's true identity have been bound up with polemic against secularist forces and with claims about the position due to the Church in Italian society. They have insisted that Italy's authentic traditions are Catholic and that her true greatness resides in her being the heart of Christian civilization. Hostile or threatening ideologies, e.g. idealist philosophy and Communism, have been stigmatized as alien to Italian tradition. In the face of Fascism, with which the ‘Catholic world's’ relations were ambivalent, there was a major ideological campaign to assert a Catholic definition of the keyword romanità. The way in which Catholic theoreticians have defined the ‘nation’ in organicist terms have been linked to strategies of ideological defence against state forms, whether liberal or Fascist, perceived to be overweening.