春秋天信仰的特点

春秋帝崇拜式微,天信仰几乎取代西周天帝信仰。天作为春秋至上神,其突出的特点是权能的广泛性、意志的权威性和赏罚的道德性。春秋天命和天道是天的意志的固定表达方式,从“天”的意志到“天命”到“天道”,是一个从天神的意志到冥冥之中的命运到社会自然法则的转化。在这个转变过程中,天的人格色彩愈趋淡化。春秋天信仰对于现存社会秩序的作用犹如双刃剑,既维护又破坏,具有道德约束、心理平衡和精神支撵功能以及认识功能。春秋人不求在天信仰的精神世界中获得永恒,而是理性地寻求对现实的信念、生活态度和生存价值。     

社会转型时期青少年道德信仰缺失问题分析

社会信仰危机一词已成为当下日常生活中频率很高的用词。个人主义,利益至上,把人的心灵价值多元化也物质化。道德世界被"祛魅",道德理想、道德传统的神圣和崇高遭到冷落乃至摒弃。尤其在青少年当中,他们对道德价值和道德规范产生怀疑、动摇。本文从我国社会转型的特点入手,深入探索转型时期青少年道德缺失的原因。进而了解社会信仰的重要作用和转型期青少年间社会信仰重建的重大意义,同时提出社会信仰缺失重建的有效途径。     

晋东南二仙形象的多元化与功能叠加

二仙信仰,是晋东南区域特有的民间信仰,在民众不断加深对其信仰、祭祀的过程中,其功能经历了历时性的变化,从最初的求雨,到社会道德教化,再到求子,甚至成为兼具各种职能的神灵。这一方面是民间信仰职能叠加的结果,另一方面与不同历史时期的社会特点密切相连。对其进行解读,既可以观察民间信仰的地域性,亦可挖掘民间信仰的时代特点。     

"两微一端"视域下企业青年道德信仰教育研究

道德信仰是人们对于社会现存道德规范的认可和遵守,并在此基础上超越自我、追求更高道德价值而产生的自我意识.青年树立和完善道德信仰对于个体道德人格的塑造和青年个体与社会、企业协调统一发展具有积极的意义."两微一端"作为新媒体下产生的信息传播平台,为青年道德信仰教育载体进行创新的同时也带来了新的挑战.分析"两微一端"在道德信...     

论神祇生态位关系与民间信仰生态系统的平衡

一、引言 早在原始社会,宗教就与文明的曙光一起来到人间,并形成以万物有灵为基础的宗教崇拜。进入阶级社会后,中国在夏商时期虽然也出现了诸如上帝、天帝这类至高无上的统一神,但这仍是一个具有功能性特征的概念。在民众的观念里,仅仅只有一个天帝是无法应对人世间事无巨细的各种繁琐祈求。原始社会的各种宗教信仰被保留下来,佛道祀神也不断进入民间信仰的万神殿。     

西周德观念与早期人文理性

西周之前人们也考虑过德的问题,然而没有周人思考得这样深刻和系统。德观念在西周盛行,并对后世产生深远影响是一个不争的文化史史实。西周的德观念来源于宗法贵族社会管理的政治理论,随后它超越了政治领域而发展为具有普遍意义的思想文化观念和道德准则。它的普遍文化因素表现为一种早期的人文理性,主要包含四方面的内涵:提倡宽容、反对暴力,张扬人的理性思维,重视人的精神提升,强调人的责任感。然而,它的不足在于漠视个性,为异化个体价值做了历史文化铺垫。中国传统文化极端强调人的社会属性、漠视人的个性的文化倾向即滥觞于此。     

民间信仰能促进社会整合吗?——对湘东仙人庙的个案研究

以往有关民间信仰与社会整合关系的研究均得出了"民间信仰能促进社会整合"的理论观点,但立论基础比较薄弱,存在严重不足。因此,在以往理论基础上构建出一个有关民间信仰与社会整合的理论框架。"社会整合"区分情感整合与行动整合两个维度,这两个维度再分别被操作化为两个具体指标进行测量:信仰认同感、道德共享感与仪式组织度、人际交往度。在这个理论框架指导下开展对仙人庙的个案研究,最后研究表明,仙人庙对于村落社区具有非常有限的社会整合功能。     

中国人信仰问题探析

如果人失去了信仰,他所做的一切就只能靠当下利益来衡量,那么他的道德将失去底线,行为也就没有了规范,这样的社会也就很容易崩溃。不同的历史阶段,不同的民族,其信仰不尽相同。信仰当如百花齐放,各美其美。     

论西周孝友文明的基本特征、社会作用及对后世的影响

中国传统化的核心是儒学思想和宗法化的结合,都以周代为其肇源时期,可以说周代明是两千多年封建明的渊源。在周代(主要指西周)明中,孝和友的道德习俗不仅贯彻于家庭、社会、生活的一切方面,而且渗入到国家的政治、军事、经济、思想的根本制度之中,因此,西周明是以孝友为核心的明,这是世界古代各国所仅见的。研究西周孝友明,对于进一步解剖西周社会性质和整个中国古代明的特殊性是有重要意义的。     

中国古代莲花的象征(一)

一、序二、所谓四叶纹就是莲花三、四叶纹（莲花）与天体四、天之中心的莲花五、华盖星与天皇大帝六、天帝与日月七、莲花（天帝）与龙八、天上的莲花与地上的莲花九、莲花与山岳、莲花的世界一序笔者以前曾写过《所谓饕餮纹是表现了什么》的论文①,该文论证了从殷到西周前期的青铜彝器上的大量的饕餮纹是当时最高神──帝的形象。在那篇论文中未能阐明饕餮纹从西周中期到后期在青铜彝器上消失之后,“帝”是由什么来表现的。笔者还认为,和饕餮同时代而附在青铜器上所谓的牺首比饕餮低一格,但比那些在带纹中作附件的其他鬼神还是要高一级…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.