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1.
Metallurgy has been taken as essential to the development of Chinese civilization. Archaeological study has been particularistic
and evolutionary, tied to traditional Chinese historiography, and modern Marxist models of social development. Modern studies
suggest that metallurgy emerged independently in a ‘core’ area and then spread to ‘peripheral’ areas by way of political expansion
and cultural diffusion over many millennia, and that metallurgy was also homegrown. New excavations suggest: multiple early
centers of production; that the Chinese case belongs to a regional context; that native sources of ores were significant;
that metals were used in several pre-state level societies. 相似文献
2.
Christopher Daniell 《Archaeologies》2011,7(2):454-476
Graffiti is a commonplace in the modern world but it is easy to project the concept of illegal graffiti into the past. Writing
on walls in previous historical periods is discussed and as most was not illegal the concept of ‘calliglyphs’ is introduced
to allow historic writing or drawings on walls or objects to be studied in context. The article then proposes the word ‘marker’
as a concept to define wider forms of personal expression and the human imprint in the late twentieth/early twenty-first century
landscapes. A framework for markers is outlined based upon the concepts of permission and tolerance. 相似文献
3.
Alexandra Hofm?nner 《Archaeologies》2011,7(1):300-306
The Matthew and Matilda Effects in science were coined in 1968 (Robert K. Merton) and in 1993 (Margaret W. Rossiter) respectively,
as tools to analyse the reward systems of science. By proposing the African Eve Effect in science as a third effect, the original
scope for analysis of these systems is broadened from the social structure of science to the anthropological dimension of
science. Similarly, the ‘psychosocial processes’ that were considered as affecting the reward systems (Merton, Science 159:56–63,
1968) are extended to include discursive practices. The African Eve Effect refers to the scientific notion of the ‘African Eve’
(or mitochondrial (mtDNA) Eve), a concept put forward by scientists to designate the genetic mother of all modern humans.
Three discursive conventions constitute the African Eve Effect and together shape patterns of the distribution of recognition
for scientific work: projecting imaginative geographies of otherness onto the frontiers of science; collecting, transporting
and enframing material and ideas according to a Western epistemological order; and ‘evolutionising’ nature and the human in
science. The objective of this paper is to specify and illustrate an experimental tool for analysing the entanglement of the
reward system in science with culturally fashioned imaginaries and agendas. 相似文献
4.
João Zilhão 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2007,15(1):1-54
The earliest known personal ornaments come from the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa, c. 75,000 years ago, and are associated
with anatomically modern humans. In Europe, such items are not recorded until after 45,000 radiocarbon years ago, in Neandertal-associated
contexts that significantly predate the earliest evidence, archaeological or paleontological, for the immigration of modern
humans; thus, they represent either independent invention or acquisition of the concept by long-distance diffusion, implying
in both cases comparable levels of cognitive capability and performance. The emergence of figurative art postdates c. 32,000
radiocarbon years ago, several millennia after the time of Neandertal/modern human contact. These temporal patterns suggest
that the emergence of “behavioral modernity” was triggered by demographic and social processes and is not a species-specific
phenomenon; a corollary of these conclusions is that the corresponding genetic and cognitive basis must have been present
in the genus Homo before the evolutionary split between the Neandertal and modern human lineages. 相似文献
5.
The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models
of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial
power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures
of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the
self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme.
The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that
is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are
antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China
and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the
state.
__________
Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1 相似文献
6.
Rodolfo Fattovich 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):275-290
Yeha, in Tigray, is the most impressive site with evidence for South Arabian influence dating to the first millennium BC in
the northern Horn of Africa (Eritrea and northern Ethiopia). The evidence from this site was used to identify a ‘Pre-Aksumite’
or ‘Ethiopian-Sabean’ Period (mid-first millennium BC) when an early Afro-Arabian state apparently arose in the region. A
‘Pre-Aksumite Culture’, characterised by South Arabian elements, was also suggested as a distinctive archaeological culture
in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, recent fieldwork in these countries suggests that a Pre-Aksumite culture actually
did not exist and South Arabian features were restricted to a few sites, which were scattered in a mosaic of different archaeological
cultures in the first millennium BC. This hypothesis is tested through a comparison between the ceramics from Yeha and those
from Matara and other sites of the first millennium BC in Tigray and Eritrea. 相似文献
7.
Paul Widmer 《Indo-Iranian Journal》2007,50(3):215-228
Young Avestan nāuuiia-, Old Persian nāviyā, Sanskrit nāvyà-, all descending from Indo-Iranian *nāu̯ii̯a-, are usually glossed by ‘passable (only) by boat, not to be crossed without the help of a boat’. A closer examination of
the contexts they occur in reveals that the meaning ‘streaming, raging’ is much more appropriate. In consequence, *nāu̯ii̯a- can not be a secondary derivative of Indo-Iranian *nāu̯- ‘ship, boat’, which is improbable for other reasons as well. It is suggested that *nāu̯ii̯a- rather represents a primary formation derived from the Indo-Iranian root *nāu̯- ‘to flow’.
相似文献
8.
Jim S. Dolwick 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(1):15-41
This paper examines the concept of the ‘social,’ particularly from an archaeological perspective, and explores how it relates
to the ways in which we seek to understand the processes of technological innovation and change. It is demonstrated that the
concept ‘social’ is far from well defined and that enquiry is bedevilled by artificial polarization between subject-centred
approaches and object-centred particularism. Through the medium of early United States steamboat technology a different approach
is forged through the melding of people and things with the idea of viewing artefacts as active social actors along with people. Ultimately, it is argued that maritime archaeologists should be more bullish in their approaches
to material things—instead of adopting social theories ‘wholesale,’ we should insist that they include the things we study: boats, material objects, people, artefacts, landscapes and animals. 相似文献
9.
In recent years, the concept of ‘animism’ has gained considerable popularity among archaeologists in exploring non-Western
expressions of material culture. This development has also influenced recent academic approaches towards the study of ‘rock-art’
of people living as hunter and gatherers or in a hunting and gathering tradition. We argue here that attempts in this direction
so far are generally compromised, because they fail to take Indigenous philosophies and intellectual contributions seriously.
Any concern with Indigenous material expressions, including so-called rock-art, has to involve a critical re-assessment of
academic discourse itself and a challenge to the primacy of Western scientific and literary, academic methodologies. With
reference to the ‘rock-art’ and the world-view of the Ngarinyin (Kimberley, Northwest Australia), we present some preliminary
thoughts for the development of an alternative interpretative framework, while offering a (much needed) legitimacy to another
more balanced epistemology. 相似文献
10.
David W. Phillipson 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):257-274
An overview is offered of the development of research—both archaeological and epigraphic—on the inhabitants of the northern
Horn during the first millennium bc. Initially, reconstructions of this period placed considerable emphasis on links with southern Arabia and tended to group
those into a single cultural category that was designated ‘Pre-Aksumite’. It is now argued that long-distance contacts were
much less pervasive, being largely restricted to the élite, and that other aspects of life—including much material culture
and subsistence economy—displayed strong local continuity from earlier times. Similarly, it is argued that interpretation
of the epigraphic evidence as indicating a single ‘Pre-Aksumite’ state called D'MT is unjustified. 相似文献
11.
Mark Staniforth 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(2):93-102
Maritime archaeology is a multi-faceted discipline that requires both theoretical learning and practical skills training.
In the past most universities have approached the teaching of maritime archaeology as a full-time on-campus activity designed
for ‘traditional’ graduate students; primarily those in their early twenties who have recently come from full-time undergraduate
study and who are able to study on-campus. The needs of mature-age and other students who work and live in different places
(or countries) and therefore cannot attend lectures on a regular basis (or at all) have largely been ignored. This paper provides
a case study in the teaching of maritime archaeology from Australia that, in addition to ‘traditional’ on-campus teaching,
includes four main components: (1) learning field methods through field schools; (2) skills training through the AIMA/NAS
avocational training program; (3) distance learning topics available through CD-ROM and using the Internet; and (4) practicums,
internships and fellowships. The author argues that programs to teach maritime archaeology in the twenty first century need
to be flexible and to address the diverse needs of students who do not fit the ‘traditional’ model. This involves collaborative
partnerships with other universities as well as government underwater cultural heritage management agencies and museums, primarily
through field schools, practicums and internships. 相似文献
12.
Stone weapon points constitute a major innovation appearing at the end of the Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Africa and the Near East; that is, among both sapiens and Neanderthal populations. The microscopic analysis of the stone weapons used by Neanderthal groups in Atlantic southern Europe suggests that this technology was widespread and became a recurrent behaviour within organised strategies developed by these societies. In this southern region of Europe, stone weapon hunting technology appears at an early time (about 150 ka, OIS 6) and is associated with the hunting of large mammals. This behaviour can be recognised in a geomorphologically complex region and at a time of great environmental change (OIS 6–5–4). The fact that these innovations were used by European Neanderthals long before the spread of anatomically modern humans in the area is of great evolutionary significance. 相似文献
13.
In one of the most notable studies on the political economy of the modern Atlantic world, Sidney W. Mintz (Mintz, Sweetness
and power: the place of sugar in modern history. Penguin, London, 1985) explored the rise of sugar production in the Caribbean and emphasized Barbados’ role in shaping the trajectory of the sugar
industry in the seventeenth century. Yet, while sugar was certainly the defining commodity of the Barbadian economy, not all
of the island’s citizens were directly involved in the sugar production process. Residents of the island’s main urban center,
Bridgetown, lived at the interface between producers of sugar on rural estates in Barbados and consumers of sugar in metropolitan
Europe. They were the glue that held the emerging Atlantic sugar business together and their efforts to develop a functioning
urban infrastructure in Barbados helped fuel the trade in this valuable commodity. 相似文献
14.
Meghan C. L. Howey 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):329-357
Copper kettles, in high demand among indigenous communities of the Northeast/Great Lakes, became prominent items in the exchange
repertoires of early Basque, French and Dutch traders. Kettles’ origin with these “Others” and its connection to a medium
(copper) that had held symbolic significance for millennia led them to be used in an indigenous ‘metaphorical’ value regime
influencing trade during the late sixteenth/early seventeenth century. An artisan living on the threshold of colonial encounter
in Northern Michigan between 1470 and 1660 CE—having seen European goods but not having access to them—harnessed the mimetic
faculty to make a small, miniature, ceramic imitation or skeuomorph of a European trade kettle. Rather than the sincerest
form of flattery, I suggest this imitation was made to acquire the power of the original to fend off the colonial danger and
to connect to this symbolic value regime. I suggest the “magic” of mimesis offered personal and organizational power in the
indigenous Northeast/Great Lakes during early contact. This specific case speaks more broadly to how mimesis can provide a
robust framework for exploring the material cultures of colonial encounter. 相似文献
15.
J.E. Parkington J.-Ph. Rigaud C. Poggenpoel G. Porraz P.-J. Texier 《Journal of archaeological science》2013
This introduction presents the background to the present research project at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, initiated in 1998. It is followed by a series of original papers that were presented in November 2010 at the join 13th PAA Congress (Panafrican Association of Prehistory and Associated Disciplines) and 20th conference of SAfA (Society of Africanist Archaeologists) at the University Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar (Senegal). These papers were presented in a “Symposium on the MSA sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter: a view on the cultural evolution of southern African modern humans” organized by Pierre-Jean Texier, Guillaume Porraz, John Parkington and Jean-Philippe Rigaud. This series of papers is a first attempt at a multidisciplinary reconstruction of the way Middle Stone Age people inhabited the site of Diepkloof and the way they interacted with their environment. The resultant narrative outlines artifactual change through the sequence and discusses the factors that might underlie it. 相似文献
16.
Richard Mackay Justin McCarthy Andrew Sneddon Graham Wilson 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(4):299-310
In 2002 Melbourne’s Casselden Place excavation provided a window into the urban past opened by an innovative relationship between the development industry, heritage consultancy and La Trobe University. The project demonstrated that with the support of consent authorities and the co-operation of the development industry, collaborations between the academic world and heritage consultants could be highly successful. The Casselden Place Project made a significant contribution to the ‘slum debate’ in Australia and delivered an enhanced understanding of the cultural, social and scientific significance of an inner-city block, and shed new light on a notorious chapter in the city’s history. 相似文献
17.
The studies of urban popular culture in modern China in recent years have attracted wide attention from scholars in China
and abroad. The symposium, which is composed by Ma Min’s “Injecting vitality into the studies of urban cultural history,”
Jiang Jin’s “Issues in the studies of urban popular culture in modern China,” Wang Di’s “The microcosm of Chinese cities:
The perspective and methodology of studying urban popular culture from the case of teahouses in Chengdu,” Joseph W. Esherick’s
“Remaking the Chinese city: Urban space and urban culture” and Lu Hanchao’s “From elites to common people: The downward trend
in the studies of Chinese urban history in the United States,” provide valuable insights on the perspective, trend, and methodology
of the studies.
Four articles of the symposium are translated by Yang Kai-chien and Jin Xueqin from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2008, (5): 5–19; Joseph W. Esherick provides the English version of his article. 相似文献
18.
Jin Jiang 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(2):234-253
The rise of the melodrama as a literary and theatrical genre appears to have had a co-relation with the rise of industrial
cities in modern times around the globe from Europe, North America, to East Asia. In China, this phenomenon manifested itself
in the yanqing (lit. speaking of feelings) genre that dominated the popular culture scene in Shanghai in the most part of the twentieth
century. While the yanqing genre was an expression of particular Chinese modern experiences, it also provided a channel for these local experiences
to partake in and enrich a global experience of modernity. This study shows how yanqing arts helped ordinary Shanghai residents deal with changing patterns of gender, love, and family relations in the fast-growing
and modernizing city. Through such re-examination of the yanqing culture this study tries to shed new light on some important questions in modern Chinese history and help correct traditional
elite views of this history.
Translated from Shilin 史林 (Historical Review), 2006, (4): 70–79
Parts of this article have been presented at the international conference, “As China Meets the World: China’s Changing Position
in the International Community, 1840–2000,” held at Vienna, May 15–19, 2004; and “The First Modern Chinese Social History
Conference,” held in Qingdao, Shandong, August 2005. It is modified by the author when translated into English. 相似文献
19.
Modern China was an intense period of “body rebuilding.” Within the field of body history in China, the modern Chinese history
has been rediscovered and reinterpreted from the view of “body.” In this paper, the author attempts to explore the movement
of women’s haircutting in modern China and analyzes its social and political meaning from the view of body organ, gender,
politics and culture. The conclusion is that the women’s haircutting movement in modern China was involved in the pursuit
of state power, women’s rights, and political power in different levels. 相似文献
20.
James L. Flexner 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2012,16(1):135-163
Archaeological research in the Hansen’s disease settlement at Kalawao, Moloka‘i, Hawaii, has revealed evidence that challenges
patterns expected from theoretical and archaeological research on total institutions. While written documents provide evidence
for a community with many of the classic elements of places of social control, archaeological remains fit better with models
of post-contact Hawaiian village life. This apparent contradiction is revealing for the power dynamics produced in the social
life of modern leprosaria, medical institutions created in situations of long-term colonial entanglement. 相似文献