略论近代中国工业化的农业条件

本文探讨了近代中国工业化的农业条件,分析了近代中国农业生产率衰退与城市近代工业化发展之间的矛盾与特殊关系。论文首先根据前人对近代中国农业生产状况的研究,对近代中国农业生产率进行了评估,然后通过工农业产品价格剪刀差和中国近代国民收入分配情况的分析,阐述了在农业生产率下降的前提下,近代中国的工业化是如何实现的。作者提出,农业生产的衰退使得农业不能为工业化提供基本的剩余,是近代中国工业化发展缓慢的主要原因,中国的近代工业化需要一场农业革命。文章比较广泛地涉及国内外若干学者的相关观点,并提出了商讨性的意见。     

近代天津洋行的空间演化特征及发展策略研究

洋行是近代外国人在中国经营的商行与机构,其发展策略与空间演化体现了帝国主义对近代中国城市的破坏与重建的双重影响。以天津为例,探讨洋行在城市发展中所扮演的重要角色,并借助历史地理信息系统(HGIS)对其空间演变过程进行可视化分析。结果表明,天津作为近代中国北方的贸易中心城市,吸引大量洋行聚集,形成独特的贸易空间体系。洋行对近代天津城市空间结构的形成与变迁具有多方面的复杂作用,对近代开埠城市的建设与发展产生了深远的影响。     

近代农民离村与城市社会问题

近代中国农民离村现象所带来的负面效应,主要体现在三个方面：首先,农业劳动力大量流失,农业生产衰退;其次,造咸畸形城市;再次,构成中国近代土匪横行、军阀混战的社会基础。中国近代农民离村不同于英、美等西方国家,它是在半殖民地半封建化程度不断加深的过程中发生的。如果说西方先发工业化国家的农民离村只是资本主义发展过程中的暂时阵痛,那么,近代中国则不是不吞下半殖民地半封建化过程中农民离村的苦涩。     

华俄道胜银行与东北的近代面粉工业

华俄道胜银行是中国近代第一家中外合办银行。该行以中国东北为主要活动地区,除修筑中东铁路外,还在东北北部直接开办或用提供贷款的方式大量投资于面粉工业。在华俄道胜银行的资金支持下,俄商垄断了东北北部的面粉工业,控制了东北的商品市场,为俄商获取了丰厚的利润。同时,客观上也加速了东北面粉工业的近代化,促进了东北面粉工业的发展,使哈尔滨成为近代中国的面粉工业中心之一。     

农业对近代中国城市布局的影响

中国城市的分布格局在传统农业社会就已经大体定型,近代以来经济功能在城市各功能中开始占据主导地位,对城市的形成及其分布具有越来越重要的影响。不过,农业对城市发展的制约力仍在,特别是在人口稀少、土地贫瘠的农业落后地区,城市的发展受到来自农业方面的极大制约和影响。     

洋务运动与晚清城市社会近代化

洋务运动与晚清城市社会近代化涂文学中国城市及城市社会、文化告别传统城市形态而开始近代之旅,是以开埠作为历史契机首先在条约通商口岸缓慢展开的,这与欧美诸国通过提高农业生产力,进行工业革命和日益增长的商业化等内力作用实现近代城市化和城市近代化显然遇异。但...     

南京国民政府初期杭州商业的衰落与近代城市空间塑造

在近代杭州既有研究中,商业的衰落与城市空间塑造是两个没有关联的对象。细察之下却非如此。南京国民政府初期,杭州市政府为吸引游客,提升旅游收入,进而达到挽救商业颓势之最终目的,逐渐开启了近代城市空间塑造之旅,在景点修缮、道路修筑及公园开辟等方面做了大量工作。然而游客城市意象契合度及旅游业发展程度均表明,近代杭州城市空间塑造成效并不明显,更未有效达成挽救商业颓势目标。这表明,在转折时期,像杭州这样富有传统旅游资源的城市,如何在守好传统与走向近代之间找到发展的突破点与均衡点,是一个历史的难题,这也从另一个侧面显示了杭州城市近代化的独有特质。     

《中国近代农业经济史概论》简介

由郑庆乎,岳琛编写的《中国近代农业经济史概论》一书最近已由中国人民大学出版社出版。该书分十二章,对中国近代农业经济的诸种现象,特点,实质,诸如帝国主义对中国农业经济的影响,中国近代土地所有制的结构、特征,近代农业的经营形式,生产力状况,地租剥削,农民的赋税负担,以及近代农产商品化的发展,农业人口问题等等作了较为全面     

周学熙经营之道初探

周学熙是中国近代的一位大企业家,由他创办或参加投资的近代企业有十几个,资金总额约有4000多万元,形成“周学熙资本财团”。近几年来,发表了不少研究周学熙的论著,但对其经营之道,还鲜有涉及,本文仅从其创办企事业的“集资”方面,来研究他的经营之道。     

中国近代的鸦片种植及其对农业的影响

中国近代曾长期种植鸦片。对于这个问题,过 去学术界很少进行研究。本文将中国近代的鸦片种植划分为 三个阶段,着重论述了鸦片战争前后的鸦片种植、清代末期的 鸦片种植和民国时期的鸦片种植,在此基础之上,分析了鸦片 种植对中国近代农业的影响。认为中国近代的鸦片种植在总 体上呈现出不断扩大的趋势,种植面积越来越大,分布区域越 来越广,极大的冲击了农业生产,加深了中国近代的农业危 机。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.