教会经济伦理与资本主义兴起

基督教与资本主义兴起的关系,长期以来是西方学术界激扬字的焦点。韦伯的名《新教伦理与资本主义精神》关于新教伦理产生资本主义的观点尽管遭到种种非议与驳斥,但论战双方对天主教伦理社会功能的评判是一致的,都认为宗教改革以前的基督教教诲基本还是反     

解读《新教伦理与资本主义精神》

《新教伦理与资本主义精神》是马克思·韦伯的代表作之一,书中韦伯认为清教的禁欲主义是催生资本主义精神的原因之一,本文旨在根据韦伯的写作思路理清资本主义精神与禁欲主义之间的逻辑关系,即从资本主义精神与劳动"天职"观的内在联系入手,再分析"天职"观的起源及加尔文宗对其的完善,最后得出新教伦理与资本主义精神的关系。     

科技新飞跃与战后资本主义的新变化

20世纪40年代以来,以电子技术为基础的新科技革命,使生产力诸要素发生质的飞跃,加速了科技向生产力的转化速度,改变了其转化方式,引起社会经济一系列转变。即促进了资本主义生产的发展和经济进步,也使资本主义经济关系和经济制度发生变化,但当代资本主义的这一新变化并未改变资本主义的本质及其内在矛盾。     

资本主义精神：新教伦理、个人主义还是“民族主义”

韦伯、桑巴特和托尼对资本主义精神的理解各不相同。韦伯突出宗教改革对资本主义兴起的意义,重视禁欲主义、勤奋、节俭等新教伦理;桑巴特强调个人对财富和享乐的追求,甚至认为资本主义产生于奢侈。但他们都对资本主义的恶性发展和精神危机表示忧虑。托尼同样担忧资本主义活动中道德伦理的缺失,认为宗教冷淡和个人主义的发展会带来恶果。格林菲尔德以某种“集体意识形态”替代韦伯命题中的个体意识,反对用个人主义解释资本主义。但她以“英格兰民族主义”为资本主义兴起与持续发展动因的论述,既不能解释资本主义的兴起,也不符合资本主义发展的历史。     

理性的悖谬--新教伦理是如何使资本主义可能的？

《新教伦理与资本主义精神》是马克思·韦伯最脍炙人口的经典名著,韦伯从大量的历史研究资料和深入的分析思考中,廓出了一条精神意识层面的新教伦理产生资本主义的思路。然而韦伯这种分析的背后隐藏着一种巨大的逻辑的悖谬：一个理性的资本主义的社会秩序规范的产生,竟然源自于一种看起来非理性的新教的伦理以及由此伦理产生的似乎与人的天性和基本需求背离的毫无理性可言的极端的禁欲生活。本文就此为问题点,将从“资本主义的精神是什么”、“理性悖谬产生和维持的原因”、“悖谬的维持”三个层面加以探讨和追问,逐渐梳理全书的脉络和基本观点。     

浅析近代资本主义发展的精神动力

马克斯.韦伯在其著作《新教伦理与资本主义的发展》一书中阐释了新教伦理在资本主义精神的形成与发展中起着至关重要的作用,进而深刻地影响了资本主义的经济发展。而当代学者罗德尼.斯达克在《理性的胜利》中虽对韦伯的观点进行了批判,但二者思想中仍然存在一致性的因素。本文对这两本著作进行了对比分析,试图剖析近代资本主义发展的精神动力和该因素的作用机制。     

文化变革与西方资本主义的兴起——读韦伯《新教伦理与资本主义精神》

20世纪初 ,德国著名社会学家马克斯·韦伯发表了《新教伦理与资本主义精神》(以下简称《新教伦理》)一书。他在书中提出西方经过宗教改革形成的新教 ,尤其是英国的清教孕育了一种“资本主义精神”,而这种精神对于近代资本主义的产生和发展起到了巨大的推动作用。在随后的一系列比较宗教研究中 ,他进一步提出包括中国在内的东方世界因缺少一种类似的资本主义精神 ,使得近代资本主义在这些地区迟迟不能产生 1。近一个世纪以来 ,韦伯的这一学说不断地受到怀疑和批评。唯物主义者认为韦伯颠倒了物质和精神的关系。英国著名的费边主义史学家托尼…     

韦伯解释资本主义发生的社会学视界

在《新教伦理与资本主义精神》一书中,马克斯.韦伯从社会学视角解释经济的发展,认为如果没有新教伦理导致的资本主义精神的存在,欧洲资本主义就不会兴起和发展起来。韦伯的这种社会学研究范式与经济学研究范式相比有许多特色,主要体现在:“跳出经济看经济”和从细微处切入探求现象背后的深层次本质;“系统的视野”和把经济发展看作是一种复合式的社会的变迁;“经验的研究”和整体类型比较学的研究方法。     

探索中国近代资本主义发展特点的有益之作——杜恂诚新著《中国传统伦理与近代资本主义》读后记

上海社会科学院经济研究所杜恂诚研究员新近出版《中国传统伦理与近代资本主义》一书,很值得一读。杜恂诚曾在中国社会科学院研究生院师从著名的经济史家汪敬虞先生,获取博士学位,先后发表《日本在旧中国的投资》(1986年)、《民族资本主义与旧     

现代社会的发展前景——读《新教伦理与资本主义精神》

本文是基于阅读《新教伦理与资本主义精神》这本著作而引出的一些论点,通过对新教伦理与资本主义精神的选择亲和性,理性化过程,帕森斯对韦伯的解读以及多元因果分析几方面总结现代社会在发展过程中出现的一些问题,在问题背后现代社会依旧繁荣体现出的人类自身的主观能动性,即强调韦伯支持文化层面对社会发展的重要作用的方面,认为现代社会的发展前景依旧是令人向往的,而不应该持一种悲观的态度。     

The strange geographies of the ‘new’ state capitalism

The recent polymorphism of state intervention and attendant political geographies have been interpreted as a return of state capitalism. While commentators across the social sciences have offered competing characterizations of the new state capitalism, little attention has been dedicated to how narratives and geographical imaginaries of the new state capitalism operate as a form of geopolitical knowledge and practice. Drawing upon critical geopolitics, we make three main arguments. First, we examine the context of wider geopolitical and geo-economic shifts in which the social construction of the geo-category has happened. We contend that the emerging new spatiality of the global economy has prompted the need for new discursive frames and geopolitical lines of reasoning. Second, we argue that this need is fulfilled by the geo-category state capitalism, which acts as a powerful tool in categorizing and hierarchizing the spaces of world politics. It does so by reinstituting a simple narrative of competition between two easily identifiable protagonists – (Western) democratic free-market capitalism and its deviant ‘other’, (Eastern) authoritarian state capitalism – and by reactivating older geopolitical grand narratives. Third, the geo-category state capitalism discursively enables Western business and state actors to justify tougher policy stances in three areas: foreign policy; trade, technology, and investment regulation; and international development.     

The Conservationist Mode of Production and Conservation NGOs in sub‐Saharan Africa

Abstract: The work of conservation non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) is vital to the conservation movement and has attracted a good deal of comment and observation. Here we combine recent writings about the interactions of conservation and capitalism, and particularly the idea of “the conservationist mode” of production to explore the roles of conservation NGOs with respect to capitalism. We use an analysis of the conservation NGO sector in sub‐Saharan Africa to examine the ways in which conservation NGOs are integral to the spread of certain forms of capitalism, and certain forms of conservation, on the continent. We examine their mediating role in mediating and legitimizing knowledge, in effect forging and reproducing desires for particular visions and versions of Africa, and in producing and promoting new commodities which meet these needs, all of which facilitates capitalism's growth. Finally we consider a number of limitations to the activities of NGOs, and on the nature of the research we have undertaken, which may help to place their work in context.     

后金融危机视角下对资本主义、马克思主义与社会主义的反思

席卷全球的金融危机既对资本主义社会造成很大破坏,影响十分恶劣,却也彰显出马克思主义的价值和魅力,更让社会主义透现出光明的发展前景。但这并不等于资本主义行将灭亡、社会主义取得胜利的时机已经来临。金融危机给人们提出了一系列需要更加深入反思和认识的有关资本主义与社会主义的理论与实践问题,需要确立理性看待资本主义的态度,坚定马克思主义、社会主义的信念与信心。     

Platform Capitalism’s Hidden Abode: Producing Data Assets in the Gig Economy

In this article, we argue that the governance of gig work under conditions of financialised platform capitalism is characterised by a process that we call “dual value production”: the monetary value produced by the service provided is augmented by the use and speculative value of the data produced before, during, and after service provision. App-governed gig workers hence function as pivotal conduits in software systems that produce digital data as a particular asset class. We reflect on the production of data assets and the unequal distribution of opportunities for their valorisation, after which we survey a number of strategies seeking data-centric worker empowerment. These strategies, we argue, are crucial attempts to push back against platform capitalism’s domination, bankrolled by what we term “meta-platforms”. Ultimately, it is the massive wealth and synergetic capacities of meta-platforms that constitute the most formidable obstacle to worker power and social justice in increasingly data-driven societies.     

毛泽东关于私人资本主义认识的历史分析

私人资本主义是近现代中国社会经济中不可忽视的组成部分。毛泽东对此十分关注,并根据不同革命阶段需要分别提出了不同的策略。民主革命时期主张“鼓励”、“节制”,建国初期国民经济恢复后则力求“绝种”,三大改造完成后又提出“可以消灭了资本主义,又搞资本主义”,但1958年后又回到了“绝种论”。这是一个极其复杂的历史过程。今天,私有制成分仍然是中国共产党人所面临的一个重要的理论和实践问题。毛泽东关于私人资本主义经济思想的变化历程,给我们完善和发展社会主义市场经济留下了许多深刻的启示。     

Social Reproduction of Post-Soviet Migrant Labour: Braiding the International Political Economy

In this article, we analyse the social reproduction of post-Soviet migrant labour. Our inquiry builds on artwork by Olga Jitlina and Anna Tereshkina and by Mahpora Kiromova dealing with the effects of migration on family relations in Central Asia and the South Caucasus. We have braided the artwork with strands of social reproduction theory to examine the transnational household as a set of relationships that enables post-Soviet and global capitalism to draw value out of unwaged work and to reproduce the differentiated (i.e. gendered and racialised) labour force. Our focus is on the tropes of family, weddings, love, and violence. The analysis of these tropes draws attention to the intersecting effects of globalised capitalism, local structures of value, the state, and patriarchy in post-Soviet political economy. Through them we detail the fundamental co-constitution of production and social reproduction, but also show that practices of social reproduction can be reservoirs of resistance and potential change.     

A Loving Attack on Caputo’s ‘Caputolism’ and his Refusal of Communism

Abstract

For various reasons, John D. Caputo is one of my favorite philosophers. However, one may identify two basic weaknesses or contradictions when it comes to his thoughts on political economy: (1) Caputo insists on capitalism—even if it be a significantly transformed capitalism (what I will be calling here “Caputolism”)—but he does not question whether capitalism can accommodate the required reforms; and (2) Caputo’s refusal to entertain the possibility of communism as a good/better alternative to capitalism, even though he has referred to an earthly “Kingdom of God” composed of a “radical community of equals”—which (strongly) resembles communism, thus rendering his refusal of communism all the more perplexing.     

约曼与英国资本主义启动

农业是英国资本主义的基础,约曼又是农业资本主义的发动者、农村社会的“脊梁”。在英国农业资本主义发生的时候,约曼是先行者。“约曼”经历了由一个带有荣誉感的职业名词向具有经济与社会含义的名词的转变;约曼阶层经历了由采邑制度下的农民向资本主义农场主的演进。约曼是社会转型时期英国农村的精英群体,对经济、政治、教育文化、日常生活等方面都产生了重大而深远的影响,为英国率先成为第一个工业化国家提供了最初的、最基本的经济力量和政治力量,是英国资本主义的启动者。     

Wild Globalization: The Biopolitics of Climate Change and Global Capitalism on Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast

Abstract: This article explores the value of Deleuzoguattarian approaches for understanding the entangled relationships between globalization, climate change, capitalism and indigenous peoples. Drawing on Brett Neilson's concept of wild globalization, it analyzes the biopolitics of climate change and capitalism as they are experienced on Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast. A focus on the heterogeneous economies and ecologies of the Miskito Keys and their destruction by Hurricane Felix reveals the destabilizing forces immanent to capitalism itself. Thinking about climate change not as a transcendent teleological megahazard, but as a Body without Organs, might enable us to be schizophrenic rather than paranoid about climate change.     

重新认识金融资本形成和资本输出的时间

本文批评了把商业资本主义、工业资本主义和金融资本主义作为资本主义发展循序渐进的三个阶段而不是资本主义三种形态的错误认识。通过翔实的经济史资料,本文说明随着欧洲大规模跨国商业和早期银行家的出现,金融资本和资本投资就随之出现。在近代资本主义的扩张中,资本输出很早就已开始,在英国,早在19世纪20年代,资本输出额就超过了商品输出额。