Policy Changes With Regard To Tibetan Language(Ⅰ)

Beginning after the peaceful liberation of Tibet, major towns and cities in Tibet moved toward a bilingual society while the farming and pastoral areas continue to follow the old linguistic tradition. Tibet's linguistic policies over the past 50 years, therefore, have been enacted to cope with the region's specific characteristics.     

Policy Changes With Regard To the Tibetan Language (Ⅳ)

From 1951, when Tibet won peaceful liberation, to 2000, policies for the Tibetan language experienced changes in three separate phases. Measures taken during these three periods were different, but the basic policy remained largely the same.     

Compared to What? Changes in Interest Group Resources and the Proposal and Adoption of State Teacher Policy

What is the relationship between changes in interest group resources and the proposal and adoption of state policy? Using a dataset of proposed and enacted teacher policies across five legislative cycles in all 50 states and measures of interest group relative and absolute resource strength, I estimate a series of within-state fixed effects models that gain identification from changes in interest group resources and teacher policy over time. I find that legislatures propose more unfavorable and fewer favorable policies toward teachers' unions in states where teachers' union opposition interest groups are expending more election (but not lobbying) resources over time. Further, I find that more unfavorable and fewer favorable policies are adopted in states where teachers' union opposition groups are growing in election resource strength. Expanding on prior empirical work, this study suggests that interest group resources matter for policy change and highlights the importance of capturing interest group resource dynamics over time.     

A Study of mChod-rtens(Tibetan Stūpas)

mChod-rten is a unique form of Stūpa in Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhists have long believed that building mChod-rtens is a way to accumulate virtues and merits, so both religious and secular people value them. Therefore, Tibet has become one of the most     

Tibetan Treasures Collected by the Palace Museum(Ⅰ)

EDITOR'S NOTE: Tens of thousands of people flocked to the Cultural Relics of Tibetan Buddhism Collected by the Palace Museum, an exhibition held in Beijing last May. Given the fact that many do not have a good understanding of Tibetan Bud-dhism, we hereby publish an introduction to these cultural relics written by Wang Jia-peng. a research fellow with the Palace Museum Research Institute.When thewholenation wascelebratingthe 50thanniversary of the peacefulliberation of Tibet Qn May…     

Forty-Eight Years of Efforts to Carry Forward Tibetan Culture──An Interview With Editor-in-Chief Dai Xian of the Nationalities Publishing House

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The Making(s) of an Alternative Urban Policy: What Happens When Free Fares Come to Town?

While many urban policies and practices claim to offer an “alternative” to the “mainstream” of urban entrepreneurialism, they remain under-theorised and prone to alignment with entrepreneurial agendas. In this paper I examine fare-free public transport (FFPT) as a salient example of an alternative urban policy. Looking at Aubagne (France) and Tallinn (Estonia), I explore what happens when an alternative policy “comes to town”. I detect how FFPT enters local urban regimes, and study the (non-)participation of public transport passengers and workers in the decision-making process about whether and how to abolish public transport fares. My analysis reveals that albeit alternative policies such as FFPT seem to oppose entrepreneurialism, they may hinge on urban regimes that span across institutions, leave the local configurations of power unchallenged, and strenghten local elites. The adaptability of alternatives to diverse political and intellectual positions explains their resilience. Consequently, their radical character cannot be taken for granted and remains an object of political struggle.     

A BON RELIGION VILLAGE(Ⅱ)

The world used to be composed of five particles known today as a kind of oval. They evolved into dew and raindrops, which accumulated and eventually formed the oceans.One of the oval-related bubbles exploded and out jumped a blue woman. Without lowering her head     

Teachers of Tibet University(Ⅱ)

Probing Effortsand PioneeringSpirit-Story of Vice-PresidentLobsang NangyalAll the teaching staffand students ofTibet Universityspeak highly of LobsangNangyi,citing his probingefforts and pioneering spiritas the model for emulation.Lobsang Nangyal wasassigned to teach in TibetTeacher's School when hegraduated from Lhasa Mid-dle School in 1964.     

Scientific Exploration At Namjagbarwa Mountain(Ⅱ)

IncompanywithaChineseMountaineeringParty,IcametoNanfengPeakforthesecondtimeinSnrinq.1984.OnMarch9,thegroupofinvestigatorsandclimbersheadedtbrthehighestpeakafteralongmarchthroughanimmensefOrestandsnowt1eldatanaltitudeof3,6004,200meters.At4,200meters,wefin…     

JOURNALS on Tibet an Studies(Ⅱ)

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古粟特文信札(Ⅱ号)

时间 :公元 31 3年 6月 / 7月信件 :41 .5× 2 4厘米 ;封面 :1 4× 9.5厘米书写人 :那耐·万达克 ( Nanai″vandak)1 90 7年斯坦因发现于敦煌以西长城烽燧遗址中。发现号 T. a.ii.2 ;编号 82 1 2 / 95 (信 ) ;82 1 2 / 99.1 (信封 ) ,99.2 (包裹 ) ,99.3 (原粘连在信封上的碎纸 )。1(见封二 )现珍藏于大英图书馆。信以墨书写于纸上 ,里层用丝绸包裹 ,外包装是麻织物 ,并有墨书字迹。1 90 7年斯坦因教授在中国西北敦煌以西的长城烽燧遗址 (发现号为 :″T. .a″)中发现了一组非常重要的信札 ,该信件就是其中的一份 ,以前从未公开陈列过。这…     

Tibetan Treasures Collected By the Palace Museum(Ⅲ)——State Tutor Zhamgyia Norbi Dorje

Zhamgyia Hutog-to was the onlyState Tutor whoreceived thehonor from the Gingemperors.As one of thefour major Living Buddhasystems of the Yellow Sect,he was he most influentialLiving Buddha in the Mon-golian area.Of the six gen-erations,3rd Zhamgyia(1717-1786)was the mostfamous.     

Judicial Changes in Qing Beijing during the Shunzhi Period (1644–61)

The judicial system in Qing Beijing integrated both Ming and Manchu institutions. In the Ming judicial system, the first level of courts in Beijing included the Ministry of Justice and the Censorate, and on the second level was the Court of Judicial Review. During the Ming, however, this system became heavily disrupted by the intelligence security apparatuses, like the Eastern Depot. In the Manchu system, on the first level of courts was the banner company captains and on the second level was the Ministry of Justice. After 1644, the Ming’s institutional legacies and lessons remained so important to Manchu rulers that they eventually created an integrated legal system that primarily drew from the Ming system. This integration reflected the Qing dynasty’s endeavor to adopt Ming institutions. Prince Regent Dorgon insisted upon judicial separation on the first level of the courts—Censors of the Five Wards could not settle cases involving banner people, nor could the banner system handle cases involving civilians—while the Shunzhi emperor and his successors wanted judicial unity in Beijing and ordinary banner people and civilians to be adjudicated by the same courts.     

Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Ⅱ): Environmental Protection Highlighted

The State authority concerned gathered various expert opinions in order to develop an ecologically friendly railway. An appraisal meeting was held in Beijing, and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region set up a leading group, headed by Leqoi, the