工业化冲击下的德意志帝国对外贸易及其政策

德意志帝国时期,工业逐步确立起在德国经济中的主导地位。由于工业化的冲击,德意志帝国时期的对外贸易量和外贸结构都发生了巨大变化,德国逐渐成为外向型经济国家。与此同时,德国的对外贸易政策也出现了因时而进的调整。     

Selected Characteristics of Soviet Foreign Trade and Implications for the Foreign Trade of the Commonwealth of Independent States

This paper provides observations on recent patterns of the Soviet Union's foreign trade in the context of factor endowment trade theory and two models drawn from the new trade theory. Empirical analysis indicates that recent Soviet foreign trade was not based on differing factor intensities between Soviet goods and the those of the rest of the world. Instead, the recent geography of Soviet foreign trade suggests that it conformed more to the trade in differentiated products expected under the new trade theory. These results suggest that Soviet foreign trade had developed in such a way that, at least with respect to merchandise trade, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) has a strong potential for fairly rapid integration within the group of industrial countries.     

Foreign Trade in China's Electronics Industry

Three Taiwan-based economists examine the effects of GDP, per capita GDP, geographic distance, FDI outflows and inflows, openness to trade, bilateral investment treaties, and other factors on the volume of bilateral trade between China and 40 of its trading partners in the up-, mid- and downstream segments of the country's electronics industry. Pooled cross-section and time-series data are employed in an empirical estimation for the period 1995-2005, which indicate that the Chinese electronics sector's import/export volumes have grown substantially alongside China's economy. The authors address a specific set of issues questioning whether FDI inflows have created a trade effect in the electronics industry, whether they have lead to a measure of import substitution in China's electronics industry, and whether the net impact of opening the market has been positive or negative on the sector's foreign trade. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F14, F21, L63, O53, P33. 6 tables, 23 references.     

The Anatomy of Russian Foreign Trade Statistics

The study, by a noted Japanese economist and observer of Soviet and post-Soviet economic affairs, represents a pioneering effort to evaluate the statistical data base reflecting Russian foreign trade. The author examines in minute detail the inconsistencies and deficiencies of data compiled from 1985 to mid-1994, focusing on classification and highlighting the changing and conflicting methods of compilation. Tracing and tabulating data valued in dollars and foreign trade rubles, he also covers and analyzes Russian statistics detailing trade in commodities. Also discussed is the geographic distribution of Russian exports and imports to foreign countries in the late 1980s and 1990s. 1 figure, 10 tables, 37 references.     

日本对外贸易政策的新动向--关于区域自由贸易协定的几点议论

日本与新加坡签署自由贸易协定,表明其对外贸易政策发生了一些变化,它有别于日本一贯主张的“多边主义”,这一变化是建立在对多边贸易政策和区域协定重新认识基础之上的,表现为日本积极参与区域协定的具体行动上,其意图是适应外部环境变化以解决自身的经济问题。     

Foreign Trade and Regional Development in China

This paper puts into focus the regional implications of China's recent open-door policy. The empirical analysis employs a cross-sectional approach with 1986 data. The results suggest that foreign trade is more readily translated into economic development in the most well developed and industrialized eastern coastal provinces.     

伪满洲国初期的对外贸易

20世纪初至1930年,中国东北地区的对外贸易规模不断扩大。伪满洲国成立后,伪满政府倚仗日本关东军,强行侵占了我国东北各地海关。中国东北地区长期出超的局面在1933年反转,并且入超额出现扩大趋势。伪满政权极力促进所谓的“日满一体化”,使得东北地区的对外贸易更加向对日贸易集中。随着列强的经济利益争夺日趋白热化,伪满洲国逐渐步入统制贸易之途。     

论满族入关前的外贸经济

在明清政权交替之际,后金对明王朝形成政治、经济和军事等全面割据局面,在相当长的一段时期,在公开的政治、军事生死较量的背后,经济较量是决定后金政权命运的关键。本主要是论证东北边区经济,在失去中原经济依托时,努尔哈赤父子,在经济失衡的情况下,怎样为了弥补经济发展不足,解决社会成员生活困难,从而进一步为统一中原奠定物质基础方面,推行了具有时代特点的外贸经济政策,并获得经济效益,用以探讨中国少数民族地区经济与中原经济的互补性和不可分割的关系。     

The Global Economic Crisis and China's Foreign Trade

Two noted academic specialists on China's economic geography are joined by a research assistant to examine the impact of the current global economic crisis and recession on China's trade with the rest of the world. Relying on statistics collected by the country's customs administration through the first half of 2009, the authors identify and analyze trends in China's imports and exports (detailing countries of origin and destination) as well as balance of trade. They also develop and present an input-output model in order to gain a more precise understanding of the country's trade dependence (both before and during the crisis) than afforded by analyses based on conventional statistics, and explore some of the implications of the decline in trade on levels of domestic unemployment.     

晚清时期中外贸易的个案分析——以香港转口贸易为例

晚清时期中国对外贸易的空间格局发生了很大变化,全国对外贸易枢纽由广州逐渐北移至上海。在中国沿海唯一能与上海争雄的口岸只有香港,这得益于香港优越的地理位置及宽泛的贸易辐射面。本文力图在把握19世纪后期到20世纪初期中外贸易历史大环境的基础上,复原两广地区、西南地区、闽浙台地区、上海及长江流域、环渤海地区与香港之间贸易关系的演进,分析其发展变化的具体表现形式。     

中日经贸关系发展的特点及展望

中日恢复邦交正常化以来,经贸关系出现较快的发展态势。虽然在发展过程中受到政治因素的影响,出现一些波折,但总的趋势是向前发展的。中日进出口贸易从建交时的10.9亿美元,扩大到2006年的2073.6亿美元,日本为中国第三大贸易伙伴。随着中日贸易规模的不断扩大,进出口商品结构也在不断发生变化,机电产品已经成为双方贸易的第一大商品,产业内贸易越来越活跃,中日贸易正在向水平化的方向发展;日本对华直接投资也在不断的增长,截至2006年12月底,日本对华直接投资实际使用金额累计达到580.4亿美元,仅次于香港、台湾省,位居第三位。展望未来,中日经贸关系仍将以较快的速度发展。     

论晚清上海作为全国外贸中心的影响力(1864-1904)——以外贸埠际转运为视角

作为中国最早开放的通商口岸之一,上海开埠后即迅速跃升为全国对外贸易中心。上海通过与各口岸间的外贸埠际转运,将其外贸影响辐射至大半个中国,显示出其全国外贸中心的地位。本文利用系统的海关数据及文字报告,阐述了晚清上海外贸埠际转运在全国的地位、上海的外贸转运网络及其特点,以此为视角反映出晚清上海作为全国外贸中心的影响力。     

近代海南设关及其对外贸易

本所谓对外贸易,泛指海南岛以外的所有贸易,并非专指国际贸易,还包括海南与英、葡殖民统治下的香港、澳门,法属租借地广州湾(即湛江),以及国内其他埠际贸易。本将简要勾勒海南设关的历史,并围绕二十世纪二十年代至四十年代的海南对外贸易作一概述。     

The merger of the Foreign Affairs and Trade Departments revisited

In July 1987 the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Trade were merged into a single department. Fifteen years on, this article assesses the benefits and costs of the merger. It focuses on two questions. Firstly, did the organisational change meet the objectives being sought: that is, better coordination and greater efficiency, flexibility and responsiveness? Secondly, were Australia's capabilities in managing its international relations enhanced by the merger? The article reaches mainly positive conclusions.     

国外旅游政策研究:进展、争论与展望

旅游政策是政府实现旅游业发展目标的重要手段,但目前对旅游政策的研究还相对薄弱,研究成果的理论性、实践性、系统性和全面性亟待加强.本文在对国外旅游政策文献梳理的基础上,按照主题对文献内容进行分析总结,研究发现:(1)40年前旅游政策的研究就已开始,但进展十分缓慢,研究多以实证为主,理论性十分薄弱;(2)旅游政策的研究多从制定、实施、演化或评估的角度切入,且多数是从财政、税收或环境角度对专项旅游政策进行研究;(3)在旅游政策研究内容方面,旅游可持续发展是近几年旅游政策研究的热点,对旅游政策的经济目标性研究在弱化,而对旅游政策的社会目标性研究在加强.     

1976～1978年间的中国对外贸易

十一届三中全会前夕,在中共中央、国务院"对外贸易要有一个大的发展"的号召下,中国的对外贸易开始启动,中外贸易团体往来频繁,中国政府在完善原有对外贸易机构的同时,通过召开专题研讨会、派出国小组国外调研、定期举办商品交易会等方式,为发展对外贸易创造良好的条件。由此,1976～1978年间中国的进出口贸易发展迅速,并同世界上许多国家签订了一系列贸易协定。这是十一届三中全会上确定进一步发展对外贸易的基础,为后来中国对外贸易的发展创造了条件。     

20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易对中国的重要意义

1960年中国首次从加拿大进口粮食度荒,并由此改变此前的粮食自给自足现状。中 加小麦贸易不仅可以巩固粮食安全、促进农业改革,也可使中国重返加拿大与西方市场,使外贸渠 道多样化,同时还促进了中加建交、打破美国的封锁孤立政策。     

Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the challenges of globalisation

This article critically examines the argument that the forces of globalisation will see the end of the foreign ministry in the context of Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). It suggests that globalisation is affecting the subject matter of foreign policy-making through four processes: diffusion, enmeshment, contradiction, and transformation. It then looks at three prominent challenges these processes have made to the work of DFAT: politicisation; the volume and contestation of information; and resource-cutting. It concludes that rather than being eroded by globalisation, DFAT has been forced to play a more assertive and diversified role, and that it has responded to these challenges in a highly creative way.