Ambiguities at Work: Spanish Republican Exiles and the Organisation Todt in Occupied Bordeaux

During the Occupation of France, the German Organisation Todt used thousands of Spanish Republican exiles for the construction of military facilities along the Channel and Atlantic coast. So far there has been little research into the dynamics shaping the lives of Spanish OT workers at the local level. This article seeks to contribute to this history with a case study of Bordeaux. As well as highlighting the difficulties in defining the Spanish Republicans' experiences according to the dichotomy of resistance and collaboration, this article suggests that the dynamics shaping work practices in and around Bordeaux provided exiles with certain, if limited, opportunities over other OT centres. The ambiguities of working for the German authorities in this port city explain the significance of a story that continues to circulate in contemporary Bordeaux regarding the deaths of a number of OT workers.     

日文档案中的清末革命者和流亡者

20世纪踟年代,日本外务省藏“日本外交书”第一门“政治”第六类“诸外国内政”第四目“各国内政关系杂纂”的“支那之部”中“有关革命党及亡命”档案,在少数日、中近代史学的论中已有引用。从90年代至今,中国学应用此件档案较多为陈锡祺先生主编的《孙中山年谱长编》、毛注青先生编的《黄兴年谱长编》、俞辛焯先生编的《黄兴在日活动秘录》(俞先生另一书《孙中山     

论宋代的图书盗版与版权保护

图书出版业中的"盗版",严重侵害了著作者及出版者的权益,因此现代出版法规对此种犯罪行为制订了严厉的惩罚条款,以达到保护知识产权的目的.     

Empire and the state: a critical theoretical assessment

In recent years there has been increasing use of the term ‘empire’ to describe US primacy in world affairs. This should not be viewed merely as an indictment of US power: there are genuine insights to be gained from the study of imperial formations in contemporary politics. Yet there remains confusion and disagreement over the true meaning of ‘empire’. Progressive schools of thought in the academic discipline of international relations can facilitate a fresh understanding of ‘empire’—one that is suited to the complexities of the contemporary global scene.     

两《唐书》所见流人的地域分布及其特征

唐政府为了惩治罪犯 ,预防犯罪 ,将大量处以流刑的犯人流放到边恶之州、荒蛮之地 ,使得流人在流放地的分布上呈现出广泛性和复杂性。本文通过对两《唐书》有关史料的统计分析 ,初步推论出唐代以惩戒为目的的流人主要分布在岭南、安南、黔中、剑南、越、江南等六大地区 ,而以实边与戍边为目的的流人则主要分布在西州、庭州、天德等边城重镇。同时本文还探讨了唐代流人分布的地域特征、时代特征及其产生的社会政治、经济原因 ,并论述了流人对唐代社会的影响。     

Ester Boserup's theory of agrarian change: a critical review

As discussions of the positive effect of population growth upon agricutural change have been less common than focus on the negative effects, Ester Boserup's book, "The Conditions of Agricultural Growth," and her subsequent work in which it is argued that population growth is the prime cause of agricultural change is of great importance. The objective of this essay is to review earlier attempts to relate the intensification of agriculture to population growth, to outline Boserup's theory, and to examine the criticisms which have been made of the theory. Boserup maintains that population growth is the cause rather than the result of agricultural change and that the principal change is the intensification of land use. The theory of agricultural development posed by Boserup is more subtle and complex than that of any of her predecessors. She sees population pressure as a major cause of change in land use, agricultural technology, land tenure systems, and settlement form. Boserup argues that population growth is independent of food supply and that population increase is a cause of changes in agriculture. The principal means of increasing agricultural output is intensification. Boserup's work has had a varied response from readers; other economists have been less than enthusiastic. It might seem as if the critics of Boserup's theory have left it in tatters. Her central argument, that intensification reduces labor productivity, remains unproven. There are few who would agree that an increase in the frequency of cropping is the only possible response to population pressure; the extensive margin can be extended, higher yielding crops adopted, and methods that increase yields introduced independently of increases in the frequency of cropping. Emigration or the control of numbers may relieve population pressure. Intensification can also take place without population pressure, under the stimulus of urban growth or the development of trade. It is difficult to accept that population pressure is the only cause or agrarian change or that the increased frequency of cropping is the only response to population pressure, yet the thesis is a fruitful interpretation of agrarian change. Assuming population growth as a change mechanism can lead to important new conclusions regarding the nature of agrarian change in western European history.     

Framing theory: towards a critical imagination in heritage studies

Heritage theory has developed piecemeal over the last 30?years, with little progress made in fully understanding the way the subject can or should be theorised. This paper identifies some of the main sources of theory in heritage, as well as the approaches and perspectives that have been formulated as a result. These are framed on the basis of their disciplinary origins and can be viewed as theories in, theories of and theories for heritage. As frames through which heritage can currently be examined they are still employed in relative isolation from each other and we suggest, therefore, a way by which they might be considered as complementary, rather than competing approaches in order to provide impetus for the development of a critical imagination in heritage studies.