Diaphyseal remodelling in leprosy: A radiological and palaeopathological study

Diaphyseal remodelling is a pathological process of the proximal phalanges, metatarsals and metacarpals in all established types of clinical leprosy. It is suggested that the changes are the result of sympathetic neuropathy and alteration of peripheral vascular bed dynamics selectively stimulating extracortical osteoclastic and endosteal osteoblastic activity. There is an overall loss of diaphyseal cortical diameter, either in concentric or knife-edge pattern. There is extracortical absorption of bone and coincident endosteal bone deposition. Ultimately, there is diaphyseal pathological fracture, and subsequent resorption of the distal and proximal remnants due to combined continued diaphyseal remodelling and achroosteolysis.     

The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: A clinical,radiological and palaeopathological study

The rhinomaxillary syndrome consists of a group of maxillary bone changes, which may be present in part or in total, in lepromatous and near-lepromatous leprosy. The changes are a composite mixture of erosive, absorptive and proliferative bone reactions. The anatomical zones involved are the alveolar process of the maxilla, the anterior nasal spine, the palatine process of the maxilla, intranasal osseous structures, and the margins of the nasal aperture.     

A palaeopathological investigation of the third intercondylar tubercle of Parsons

The third intercondylar tubercle of Parsons (TITP) is a bony protuberance which is sometimes present on the tibial plateau. It corresponds to the insertion of the anterior fibres of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Reasons why TITP is present in some knees and not others are at present unclear. TITP is studied in knee joints from 68 adult individuals from a medieval cemetery. Associations are investigated with age, sex, knee osteoarthritis, clinical and subclinical DISH, and skeletal signs of trauma, with the aim of evaluating existing ideas on the causation of TITP. Only trauma showed an association with the presence of TITP. The results offer support for the aetiology of trauma to the ACL in the formation of TITP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence of a healed compression fracture in a Plio-Pleistocene hominid talus from Sterkfontein,South Africa

The object of this communication is to draw attention to the appearance of this fossil talus Stw 363, which carries a densely adherent fragment on its posterosuperior aspect. We have endeavoured to verify that this bony fragment could be the posterior half of the fractured calcaneus resulting from a fall on to the animal's left foot. Furthermore, it is suggested that this animal survived long enough for this fracture to unite by bone to the posterior aspect of the talus in this grossly displaced and unreduced deformity.     

Experimental study of polycrystal growth from an advecting supersaturated fluid in a model fracture

We present real‐time observations of polycrystal growth experiments in transmitted light in an accurately controlled flow system with the analogue material alum [KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O]. The aim of the experiments is to obtain a better insight into the evolution of vein microstructures. A first series of experiments shows the evolution of a polycrystal at supersaturations between 0.095 and 0.263. The average growth rate of the crystals is influenced by growth competition and the depletion of the solute along fracture length. Growth competition is controlled by crystallographic orientation, crystal size and crystal location. In addition, the growth rate of an individual crystal facet also shows variations depending on the facet index, facet size and flow velocity. These variations can influence the morphology of the grain boundaries and the microstructures. The aim of the second series of experiments is to investigate the growth evolution of rough/dissolved facets in detail. The growth distance required for the development of facets is around 15 μm. In all the experiments, we observe that the measured growth rates have a much larger range than predicted by alum single‐crystal growth kinetics. This is due to the combined effect of the facet index and the crystal size. Furthermore, at high supersaturations, the facet growth rate measurements do not fit the same growth rate equation as for the experiments at lower supersaturations (<0.176). This can be explained by a change in the growth mechanism at high supersaturations with more influence of volume diffusion, relative to advection of the bulk solution on the growth rate. This effect can also cause a more homogeneous sealing pattern over fracture length. At high supersaturations, the larger crystals in these experiments incorporate regularly spaced fluid inclusion bands and we propose that these can be used as an indicator for high palaeo‐supersaturation. The final microstructures of the experiments show no asymmetry with respect to the flow direction.     

An investigation of cortical bone loss and fracture patterns in the neolithic community of Çatalhöyük,Turkey using metacarpal radiogrammetry

Bioarchaeologists have conducted numerous studies on human skeletal remains using metacarpal cortical bone radiogrammetry. This method allows cortical thickness of the second metacarpal to be quantified. As a sensitive index of bone health metacarpal cortical thickness is evaluated in the context of functional adaptations, growth, ageing and bone loss in osteoporosis, as well as used as a reliable indicator of fracture risk. The focus of this study is an examination of the widely used calculation that expresses second metacarpal cortical bone values, followed by an examination of age and sex-related patterns of cortical bone loss and skeletal fragility fracture in a Neolithic archaeological skeletal sample from Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Using metacarpal radiogrammetry, 49 adult metacarpals (f = 27 m = 22) were examined. Data were collected for size variables, length (L) and total bone width (TW) as well as quantity variables, medullary width (MW) and cortical thickness (CT). These parameters were then used to calculate the widely used cortical index (CI) and two new indices expressing medullary width and cortical bone thickness in relation to length (medullary width index, MWI and cortical thickness index, CTI). The ratios were then used to explore age- and sex-related cortical bone loss and fragility fracture patterns amongst the inhabitants of Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük males and females demonstrate an inverse relationship where CTI decreases as age and MWI increase. Analyses indicate statistically significant age-related change in MWI amongst the oldest females. Despite age-related loss of bone, no typical fragility fractures are observed. We discuss the role of ageing and lifestyle factors at Çatalhöyük that may have been beneficial to skeletal health and a reduction in the risk of fragility fracture.     

中国农村经济研究会述论

中国农村经济研究会是大革命失败以后中国思想界矛盾斗争的产物,是在陈翰笙领导的农村调查的基础上产生的,还与陈在中央研究院的工作受阻有关。它从1933年成立到1951年解散,工作重心和会址数度变迁,在各地均开展了卓有成效的活动。该会具有鲜明的学术特色;保持"合法性"是其在国统区生存的基本策略;中共对该会的政治指导是通过在其中工作的中共党员的自觉行动实现的。中国农村经济研究会是左翼文化运动的重要组成部分。     

A spectroscopic study of the nimrud ivories

Electron spin resonance and infrared spectroscopic techniques have been used to examine the thermal and environmental deterioration of ivory from Nimrud, Iraq. It has been possible to ascertain the extent of ancient pyrolysis of the ivory with the former technique, and infrared spectroscopy has allowed an insight into the deterioration of the protein matrix of the ivory both in relation to, and independent from, thermal breakdown. Comparative spectroscopic studies of both ancient and modern ivory are also reported. The structural information obtained is discussed in the light of previously reported studies based upon chemical analyses.     

A processual study of Inka state formation

Traditional interpretations of how the Inka empire developed emphasize the disjunctive transformation of a village-level society through the agency of a single charismatic ruler. New evidence from the Inka heartland indicates that it was in fact the formation of a centralized state in the Cusco Valley of highland Peru that enabled the rapid campaigns of Inka territorial expansion during the 15th and 16th centuries. By using archaeological data and ethnohistoric documents to develop independent lines of evidence, it is possible to describe Inka state formation processes anthropologically. Settlement and excavation data from the Vilcanota Valley provide several indicators of the development of a centralized Inka state during the Killke Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400), while multiple accounts of the Inka past describe the transformation of Inka society over a period of several generations leading up to the first campaigns of imperial conquest. Both lines of evidence are consistent with the kinds of changes described for other known cases of state formation. The formation of the Inka state and its expansion in the Cusco region created conditions in which the agency of Inka rulers could direct the expansion of a mighty empire in only a few generations of conquest.     

A technological study of ancient faience from Egypt

The chemical compositions and microstructures of some 35 faience objects from Egypt spanning the period from the Middle Kingdom through to the 22nd dynasty are determined using analytical scanning electron microscopy. Replicate faience beads glazed in the laboratory using the efflorescence and cementation methods are similarly investigated. In efflorescence glazing, there appears to be preferential efflorescence of soda over potash, and in cementation glazing, preferential take up of potash over soda into the glaze. These data are then used to try to infer the raw materials and methods of glazing employed in the production of the ancient faience. The glaze/glass phases present in the faience differ significantly in composition from that of New Kingdom glass. This could be due either to the use of different plant ashes or to changes in the composition of the plant ashes during the production of faience and/or glass. Although it is only rarely possible to determine with certainty whether ancient faience was glazed by efflorescence, cementation or application, the observed microstructures provide an indication of the approach adopted to achieve desired performance characteristics such as strength.     

评陶希圣的中国社会史研究

大革命失败后中国革命向何处去的问题,引出了长达10年的中国社会性质、社会史问题的大论战。论战中陶希圣写下了大量的著作,其深度是当时绝大多数人不能比的,提出的看法直到今天仍能给人以启示。20世纪80年代以来,大陆学术界对本次社会史论战开展评论,不少人从陶希圣反对共产党的政治主张出发,认为他的社会史观点经常改变,所论也不符合中国历史的实际。我们认为这种评价政治倾向重于学术研究,又缺少对于陶氏社会史研究的具体分析,其做法是有违实事求是地看待历史问题的马克思主义史学观点的。     

明文渊阁考

本文对明代南京文渊阁、北京文渊阁与东阁的地址及相关问题作了较为详细的考辨,指出明永乐年间南京文渊阁与阁臣入直的内阁不是同一地方,明代北京文渊阁的建置不断完善,不能将文渊阁东阁与左顺门南庑东阁混为一谈。     

平粮台龙山文化遗存分析

平粮台城址是新石器时代中晚期域址中非常典型的一个代表,本文借鉴西方环境考古与聚落考古学的理论和方法,着重从聚落形态的角度出发,用考古材料研究社会关系,具体在各种物质遗存中从政治权利、阶层分化、生产生活、组织规划、民风民俗、神灵信仰等方面抽取提炼出非物质的信息,重建其社会组织结构,复原地区聚落模式和社会复杂化进程,以取得...     

徽州篁墩氏族迁徙考论

在源于氏族迁徙和追求氏族血统的徽州宗族社会形成中,歙县篁墩是一个有着独特和重要意义的地方。它曾是徽州几十个姓氏宗族的始迁地和保祖发祥地,文化内涵极其丰富。源自篁墩的宗族裂分是徽州宗族社会形成的重要机制,篁墩在徽州人的心目中,具有宗族圣地的地位。     

A provenance study of Mycenaean pottery from Northern Israel

The occurrence of imported Mycenaean pottery in the Late Bronze Age southern Levant is one of the most conspicuous aspects of Eastern Mediterranean trade connections during this period. A group of 183 Mycenaean pottery vessels from 14 sites in northern Israel, from both coastal and inland settlement contexts were analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis. The results indicate that the vast majority of these vessels have a similar profile and can be provenanced to the north-eastern Peloponnese or more specifically, to the Mycenae/Berbati workshop in the Argolid. Possible interpretations of these results are presented and discussed against the historical and cultural background of the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean.     

明代社会流动性初探

本文从官方的户籍控制,人口的分化与等级制度的解体,以及客籍、附籍的出现诸方面,对明代中期以后的社会流动性进行了考察.文章认为,明代社会是一个具有相当流动性的社会.社会流动的形式,既有地域之间的人口流动,又有社会阶层之间的流动,而这种社会阶层之间的流动,又包括向上与向下两种流动方式.社会流动的加剧,则显示出晚明社会正好处于一个转型时期.     

Ptolemy's map of denmark: A study in conflicting evidence

EUROPE

Europa: Bilder seiner Landschaft und Kultur. Edited by Martin Hürlimann. Introduction by Carl J. Burckhardt. 12×8 1/2. Pp. xix+279. Zürich: Atlantis Verlag AG. Second edition, 1947. 28 fr.

Scotland's Changing Population. Edited by A. M. Struthers, Secretary, The Scottish Council of Social Service. Foreword by Sir Hector Hetherington. 9 3/4 × 7 1/4. Pp. 52. 13 diagrams. 7 plates. London: The National Council of Social Service, N.D. 3s 6d.

The Scottish Railway Network: A Project for Reconstructing the Scottish Railways according to certain New Railway Network Principles. By J. F. Pownall. 10×6. Map. Pp. 72. 5 figs. Birmingham: Cotterell and Co., 1946. 8s 6d.

Edinburgh. Photographs by S. W. Colyer. Foreword by Sir John I. Falconer, LL.D., W.S. 11 1/2 × 9 1/2. 33 reproductions in gravure, each with a commentary. London and Melbourne: Ward, Lock and Co. Ltd., 1947. 7s 6d.

English Country Crafts: A Survey of their Development from Early Times to Present Day. By Norman Wymer. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+116. 149 illustrations from photographs and drawings. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Epping Forest: Its Literary and Historical Associations. By William Addison. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+240. 32 illustrations. 2 maps. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Sussex. By Reginald Turnor. 9×7. Pp. 48. Drawings by Michael Rothenstein. 53 photographs. 2 maps. London: Paul Elek (Publishers) Ltd., 1947. 9s 6d.

Severn Tide. By Brian Waters. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. vii+183. 16 illustrations. Map. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1947. 15s.

Devon and Cornwall: A Preliminary Survey. By The Survey Committee of the University College of the South West, Exeter. Foreword by John Murray. 9 1/2 × 7. Pp. iv+318. 38 figs. 13 maps. 7 charts of industrial employment. Exeter: A. Wheaton and Co. Ltd., 1947. 31s 6d.

Rathlin Island. By Hugh Alexander Boyd. Foreword by Professor E. Estyn Evans, M.A., D.Sc. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 72. (The Birds of Rathlin Island, County Antrim. By Robert Patterson, M.B.O.U. Pp. 62–72.) 5 photographs. Map. Ballycastle, N.I.: J. S. Scarlett and Son, 1947. 3s.

Directory of Iceland for the Year 1948. Editor: Hilmar Foss. 8 × 5 1/2. Pp. 655. Reykjavik: Arbók Islands H.F. Twenty‐fifth edition, 1947.

Swedish Life and Landscape. By Edric A. Hille. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 151. 91 illustrations. London: Paul Elek (Publishers) Ltd., 1947. 12s 6d.

On Rock and Ice: Mountaineering in Photographs. By André Roch. Foreword by Frank S. Smythe. 9 3/4 × 8 1/4. Pp. xv. 81 photographs. London: Adam and Charles Black Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Switzerland: The Traveller's Illustrated Guide. 7 × 4 3/4. Pp. 259. 192 photographs. 24 five‐colour maps. 16 panoramas. Sketch maps and town plans. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. Second English edition, 1947. 18s.

A History of Portugal. By H. V. Livermore. 9×6. Pp. xvi+502. 13 plates. 7 maps. Cambridge: University Press, 1947. 36s.

Dust Upon the Sea. By W. E. Benyon‐Tinker. 8 3/4 × 5 5/8. Pp.216. 56 illustrations. 2 sketch maps. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1947. 15s.

Moscow: Sketches on the Russian Capital. Translated from the Russian by Peggy Cochrane. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 126. London: Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., N.D. 15s.

ASIA

The Island of Cyprus: An Illustrated Guide and Handbook. Compiled and edited by L. and H. A. Mangoian. Foreword by A. H. S. Megaw. 8 1/4 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii +246. 205 illustrations. 9 sketch maps. Nicosia: Mangoian Brothers, 1947. 12s 6d.

The Cruel Way. By Ella K. Maillart. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.217. 74 illustrations. Endpaper sketch maps. London and Toronto: William Heinemann Ltd., 1947. 18s.

Man‐Eaters of Kumaon. By Jim Corbett. Foreword by Lord Linlithgow. 8×5. Pp. xvii+212. 4 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. London: Oxford University Press, 1946. 10s 6d.

Persian Pictures. By Gertrude Bell. Preface by Professor A. J. Arberry. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 157. London: Ernest Benn Ltd. Third edition, 1947. 10s 6d.

AFRICA

The Romance of Rhodesia. By Ardaser Sorabjee N. Wadia, M.A. 9 3/4 × 7 1/2. Pp. xiv+146. 16 photographs. Sketch map. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Swartland and Sandveld: A Survey of Land Utilization and Soil Erosion in the Western Lowland of the Cape Province. By W. J. Talbot. Preface by H. J. van Eck, Chairman of the Social and Economic Planning Council. 9 1/2 × 7 1/4. Pp. xii+79. 59 figs. 7 plates. 2 maps. Cape Town: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1947. 10s 6d.

Canada: A Study of Cool Continental Environments and their Effect on British and French Settlement. By Griffith Taylor, D.SC, B.E., B.A. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+524. 161 figs. 8 photographs. End‐paper map. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1947. 25s.

Canada Moves North. By Richard Finnie. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 192. 65 illustrations. End‐paper maps. London: Hurst and Blackett Ltd., 1947. 21s.

Link to the North. By G. J. Tranter. 8×5 1/2. Pp.256. Frontispiece. End‐paper sketch map. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1946. 12s 6d.

Britain and the West Indies. By Agnes M. Whitson, M.A., and Lucy Frances Horsfall, Ph.d. 7 1/4 V 5. Pp.87. 17 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. Pamphlets on the British Commonwealth, Second Series, No. 5. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1948. 1s 6d.

The Rise of the Spanish American Empire. By Salvador de Madariaga. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xx+408. 20 illustrations. End‐paper maps. London: Hollis and Carter Ltd., 1947. 21s.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Geography of the Flowering Plants. By Ronald Good, M.A. 10×6. Pp. 403. 71 figs. 16 photogravure plates. 9 maps. 295 references. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1947. 30s.

The Grasslands of North America: Prolegomena to its History. By James C. Malin. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. vii+398. Bibliography: pp. 336–397. Lithoprinted. Lawrence, Kansas: James C. Malin, 1947. $3.00.

EDUCATIONAL

Industrial and Commercial Geography. By J. Russell Smith and M. Ogden Phillips. 9 1/2 × 6. Pp. xv+978. Graphs, maps, and diagrams. 50 tables. New York: Henry Holt and Co. London: Constable and Co. Ltd. Third edition, 1947. 30s.

Meteorology for All. By Irving Kohn. 8×5. Pp. vi+162. 68 figs. 8 photographs. New York: Barnes and Noble Inc., 1946. $2.00.

Prelude to Geology. By H. H. Kent, M.A. 7 1/4 × 4 3/4. Pp. 120. 12 figs. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1947. 6s.

Forestry. By H. L. Edlin, B.Sc. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.48. 34 illustrations. Young Farmers’ Club Booklet No. 20. London: Pilot Press Ltd., n.d. 1s.

The New Oxford Geographies. Book IV, Part 2. The British Isles. By Jasper H. Stembridge. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. viii+192. 82 figs. 12 plates. Four extracts from Ordnance Survey maps. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1947. 4s 6d.

The Story of Gibraltar. By H. W. Howes, M.A., M.Sc, Ph.d. Foreword by Lt.‐General Sir Thomas Ralph Eastwood, K.C.B., D.S.O., M.C. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 94. 16 plates. 2 sketch maps. London: Philip and Tacey Ltd., 1946. 4s.

Soviet Land: The Country, its People, and their Work. By G. D. B. Gray. 8×6. Pp. viii+324. 141 figs. 85 photographs. London: Adam and Charles Black Ltd., 1947. 12s 6d.

North America. By E. G. Ashton, m.a. 8×5. Pp. 394. 63 figs. 43 photographs. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. Revised and enlarged edition, 1947. 10s 6d.

The Pacific Basin: A Human and Economic Geography. By Gordon L. Wood, M.A., Litt.D., and Patricia Ross McBride, M.A. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. xx+393. Frontispiece. 184 figs. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Second edition, revised and enlarged, 1946. 12s 6d.

The Use of Aerial Survey in Forestry and Agriculture. By J. W. B. Sisam. 9 3/4 × 7 1/2. Pp. 59. 67 photographs. Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Joint Publication, No. 9. Oxford: Imperial Forestry Bureau; Aberystwyth: Imperial Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops. Aberystwyth: Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, Central Sales Branch, 1947. 7s 6d.     

邱人龙生卒年考

纪晓岚《阅微草堂笔记》中有三则笔记提到了邱人龙,但历来注释家都没有介绍。本文通过《邱氏族谱》和福建永春地方志的材料,考证出邱人龙的基本生平事迹,同时还纠正了《邱氏族谱》中有关邱人龙卒年的错误记录,指出邱人龙的实际生卒年是1736—1785(6),而非如族谱所说死于1840年。     

Sociopolitical network interactions: A case study of the Classic Maya

The organization of Classic Maya society emerged from diverse and overlapping social interactions which shaped a dynamic political landscape. Vying for power, elites legitimized their status by claiming ancestry from various supernaturals and engaged in conspicuous displays of competition, warfare, and ritual practice which were often recorded on stone monuments. By examining the inscribed relationships between Maya centers, we chart organizational changes in sociopolitical networks throughout the Classic period. Methods derived from social network analysis are used to examine temporal changes in the distribution and centralization of political power through different network interactions. We examine the intersection of antagonistic, diplomatic, subordinate, and kinship relationships and discuss how these overlapping networks contributed to dynamic changes in the Classic period. This case study demonstrates how current network analysis techniques can contribute to archaeological studies of the scalar dynamics and organizational changes of past social and political systems.