基于知识的数字图书馆DRS

基于知识的数字图书馆DRS,是以数字图书馆为平台的第二代知识管理。数字图书馆DRS第二代知识管理理论,包括知识生命周期理论、知识供求理论、知识＂金字塔＂模型、组织表现理论、知识资本理论、组织适应理论、可持续发展理论等。DRS中知识管理理论是研究DRS价值及其创新机制、评价DRS复杂信息系统的基础。     

浅析开展研究性学习对小学语文教学的重要性分析

通过研究性阅读,学生不但熟悉和理解了文章的内容和写作特色,对某一问题进行了深人的研讨,并有所发现,而且学会了收集、分析、综合的研读方法,为今后进一步学习和研究奠定了基础。这样就摆脱了传统教学活动中以教师为中心,教师是知识传授的＂权威＂,学生被动地＂吸收＂知识的局面。学生由外部刺激的被动接受者和知识灌输的对象转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。整个研读、发现、交流的过程也就是思维创造的过程、自我超越的过程。每一次学习,都伴随着兴趣的提高、信心的增强,使学生真正处于主体地位,从而有利于培养学生的创造力     

基于项目驱动法的《机械制图》教学研究

《机械制图》是机械类各专业必修的一门非常重要的专业基础课。本文研究了项目驱动在＂机械制图＂教学中的应用,克服了传统机械制图教学模式中存在的弊病,让学生共同参与解决实际问题,突出了学生的主体性,培养了学生分析问题、解决问题和接受新知识的能力。     

唐代诗论中“意”的意象内涵与理论探索

＂意＂是唐代诗论中一个非常重要的范畴,其意义非常丰富,＂意象＂是它的一个非常重要的含义。＂意＂、＂象＂、＂物象＂往往相互指涉。唐代诗论家对＂意象＂与诗歌的文体属性、意象的生成过程和心理机制等理论问题及其创造方法进行了深入的探索和研究。     

高中物理“自学、实验探索教学法”初探

物理是一门以实验为基础的学科,物理知识的形成要经过从感性认识逐步上升为理性认识的过程。生动有趣的实验会激发学生强烈的求知欲。物理学家的实验探索,研究、解决物理问题的经验和方法,不但是学生今后发展、深造的基础,而且是他们学好高中物理的重要因素。物理教材已经编入了许多教学的宝贵经验和方法。因此,学透教科书是学好物理的关键。为了大面积提高物理教学质量,深入开展教学改革,教师要讨学生的物理学习进行精心的指导,狠抓学生的＂实验＂与＂自学＂。     

如何提高学生的语文素质

初中作为基础教育的一个重要阶段,也应落实素质教育。语文学科是基础教育的基础,既是素质教育的一个重要内容,又是落实素质教育的工具和媒介,正如乌申斯基所说：＂本民族语言是一切智力发展的基础和一切知识的宝库,因为对一切事物的理解都要从它开始通过它并回复它那里去。＂显而易见,语文教学在实施素质教育中负有重大的意义,它落实素质教育情况如何,不仅对语文教学的自身质量产生影响,并且关系到整个基础教育的质量。     

挖掘鲁迅与基督教精神资源的关联

和合本《圣经》里有一句话：＂知识让人自高自大,唯有爱心能造就人。＂确实,很多拥有知识的人自以为真理在握,对人冷漠、机械、封闭和自私。然而单有爱心,没有知识也不行。没有知识的爱心极容易变成狂热。其实和合本的翻译不够准确,准确的翻译应该是：＂知识让人自高自大,但是爱心能造就人。＂     

舞台服装中流行元素的运用浅析

服装设计并不是展示在我们眼前的某一件衣服,而是一种过程,一种被创作的结局。设计师多年的知识全部溶解在这个创造中,因此使得设计后的衣服有了＂精神＂和＂魅力＂,本文主要论述了舞台服装中流行元素的运用。     

文化本真性：从本质论到建构论——“遗产主义”时代的观念启蒙

＂本真性＂观念建立在西方哲学有关现实、再现以及知识的认识论基础之上。从16世纪地理大发现开始的文化发现,到20世纪初人类学民族志的文化表述,都以本质主义的观念宣称客观真实及全面地再现文化。从20世纪60年代开始,随着人类学家田野调查的深入,以及哲学认识论和方法论的深化,民族志表述的文化被看作是现实的社会建构,民族志表述的仅仅只是＂部分的真理＂。由此文化本真性的观念从本质论转向了建构论。这种转向,对中国当前文化遗产保护的启示在于：由于参与者的主体性、语境的时效性等因素,文化遗产的本真性标准很可能遮蔽了文化本身的历史性,这样反而会阻碍文化的传承发展,扼杀文化的生命力。本真的文化不是那些被表述的碎片的、静止的社会事实,而是当地人感受的、体验的、实践着的、具有历史性的日常生活。我们正在保护的＂本真＂文化,只是一种现实的社会建构,远不同于文化本身的真实样貌。作为文化代理人,外来知识精英往往僭越本土文化持有者的主体角色,继而建构本真的文化,但外来知识精英无法回避以下伦理拷问：精英文化的优越感以及对本土文化的文化殖民。面对多元、异质、流动的文化遗产现实图景,民俗学应该超越＂探求本真性＂的学术范式。     

阐释藏传佛教的准则、特点和宗旨

佛教教义教规中关于＂大慈大悲＂的含义世界上有三种宗教,而国内有五种宗教,其中我们所信仰的这门宗教,藏语称之为桑杰确鲁,梵语称之为布蒂,象雄语称之为雍仲等。＂桑杰＂（＂佛＂）这个称谓并非自然形成,而是后来才出现的。正如佛祖释迦牟尼所言,＂桑杰＂即＂烦恼五毒尽消散,智慧知识皆增长＂之觉者。何谓＂五毒＂,举个例子来说,在寺院抱夏上所描绘代表＂痴＂的猪,代表＂贪＂的鸡,代表＂嗔＂的蛇。这并非在说这三种动物有毒,而是在说三种动物之间所存在的差异可以用来形容三种＂毒念＂。     

Cluster evolution and the change of knowledge bases: the development of a design cluster

Most studies portray cluster knowledge bases as a given resource, tied to specific industries and locations. However, this paper challenges that view and uncovers their dynamic nature by identifying endogenous and exogenous triggering events that influence and change the cluster knowledge base mix over time. This is done by building on the theoretical concepts of pre-existing conditions, triggering events and knowledge bases and by drawing on a case study of the design cluster located in the Triangle Area of Denmark. The paper concludes that the design cluster has changed its mix of knowledge bases several times during its evolution. Starting out as a firm-driven cluster with a dominant synthetic knowledge base, it then evolved into an artistic and creative cluster with a prevailing symbolic knowledge base. In the last few years, the cluster has increasingly adopted an analytical knowledge base at the expense of other knowledge bases. These developments have caused numerous changes in both knowledge building and the sources of knowledge in and around the cluster. These findings have implications for the framing of cluster knowledge bases, considering how they emerge, change and combine, as well as how that affects clusters’ composition of actors, activities and resources.     

Evolution of knowledge bases in European regions: searching for spatial regularities and links with innovation performance

This paper aims at a greater comprehension of the distribution of differentiated knowledge bases and their association with innovation performance. Drawing on evolutionary economic geography, we applied a combinatorial and dynamic view on knowledge bases. The main contribution is the examination of changes and transformations of knowledge bases over time in particular group of regions in Europe and links with innovation performance. Our study revealed systematic regularities between regions with different innovation performance and their knowledge bases. With decreasing regional innovation performance the volatility of knowledge bases over time increases. Innovation leaders evinced stability over time and the most balanced composition of knowledge bases (compared with Central and Eastern Europe regions). Western European countries and regions exhibit the most balanced structure of knowledge bases. An important complementarity and synergy has been identified in the close relatedness of the symbolic knowledge base to the analytical knowledge base. The highest intensity of SME cooperation takes place in regions with a strong analytical base and in regions with the most balanced mix among all three bases (particularly in the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium. Underperforming in innovation show a balanced mix of synthetic and symbolic knowledge bases.     

Understanding Rituals: A Critique of Representationalism

The explanations of ritual practices observed in archaeological contexts often proceed on the representationalist basis that the human mind contains the social constituted ideas or representations that underpin the practice of rituals. Such a view remains widespread and, despite the often proclaimed rejection in contemporary theory of the Cartesian mind-body and other dualisms, it perpetuates the Enlightenment representationalist heritage according to which mental contents represent social reality and, as such, drive ritual practices and human action more generally. This article illustrates the meaning and value of rejecting such a representationalist view of human (ritual) action in favour of what we call an institutional view. In such a view, a ritual can be conceived as a form of recurring activity involving temporally and geographically dispersed actors active in differing roles and hence also with differing interests and levels of knowledge of the ritual and the associated belief system.     

Arthur Schopenhauer: Manuscript remains,volume IV; The manuscript books of 1830–1852 and the last manuscripts

This article presents and compares aspects of Charles Taylor's and Hans Blumenberg's seemingly opposing views about agency and epistemology, setting them in the context of the tradition in German ideas called ‘philosophical anthropology’, with which both align their thinking. It presents key strands of this tradition, from their inception in the late eighteenth century in the writings of Herder, Schiller and others associated with anthropology to their articulation by thinkers such as Max Scheler, Arnold Gehlen and Karl Löwith in the early twentieth century. The main issues here are: man's status as part of nature or as ‘radically divorced’ from nature; the possibility of objective knowledge of man versus the epistemological status of human ‘meaning’; the view of knowledge as abstraction versus ‘concrete’ or ‘lived’ experience. Within these parameters the article contrasts Taylor's emphasis on ‘engaged’ agency, embedded in discourses, bodies and predispositions, with Blumenberg's sense of our ‘indirect’ relation to reality: ‘delayed, selective, and above all “metaphorical”’. It concludes that each position may be traced back to a key strand in philosophical anthropology: the one emphasising man's unique freedom, the other that sees man's grasp of reality as uniquely interwoven with a background of meanings.     

A conception of the self in the later middle ages

This paper presents a conception of the nature of the individual self in the late middle ages, involving the stance from which the ‘I’ beholds the world (in this case, one newly more autonomous from the corporate/ecclesiastical world view), and the manner in which the self (‘I’) apprehends itself (in this case, self-apprehension involves sensing that one's essentially public face is ‘being seen’ as standing out from the group by others, as well as knowing oneself via ‘reflections’ from others). A theme of ‘seeing’ the world from a more autonomous standpoint while ‘being seen’ as a more separated psychic entity is discerned, which is in keeping with an emphasis on vision in this age, discerned by other researchers. The paper bases its case partly on examination of the arguments and evidence cited by other researchers who have studied the self or individuality in the later middle ages.     

A conception of the self in the later middle ages

This paper presents a conception of the nature of the individual self in the late middle ages, involving the stance from which the ‘I’ beholds the world (in this case, one newly more autonomous from the corporate/ecclesiastical world view), and the manner in which the self (‘I’) apprehends itself (in this case, self-apprehension involves sensing that one's essentially public face is ‘being seen’ as standing out from the group by others, as well as knowing oneself via ‘reflections’ from others). A theme of ‘seeing’ the world from a more autonomous standpoint while ‘being seen’ as a more separated psychic entity is discerned, which is in keeping with an emphasis on vision in this age, discerned by other researchers. The paper bases its case partly on examination of the arguments and evidence cited by other researchers who have studied the self or individuality in the later middle ages.     

INTEGRATING INDIGENOUS AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASES FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

In investigating ways to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards it is essential to recognize the interaction between indigenous and scientific knowledge bases. Indigenous and scientific knowledge bases are dynamic entities. Using a Process Framework to identify how indigenous and scientific knowledge bases may be integrated, three communities impacted upon by environmental hazards in Papua New Guinea, a Small Island Developing State, have established how their vulnerability to environmental hazards may be reduced. This article explores the application of the framework within the communities of Kumalu, Singas and Baliau, and how this could impact upon the future management of environmental hazards within indigenous communities in Small Island Developing States.     

Micro-CT-assisted determination of the shattering and non-shattering phenotypes of charred rice spikelet bases from archaeological sites: a new methodological approach

The selection of a non-shattering phenotype is a pivotal change in the process of rice domestication. However, current research is heavily restricted by the preservation conditions of macro-plant remains in early and middle Neolithic sites, as very limited well-preserved rice spikelet bases could be retrieved. We present a non-destructive method based on micro-computed tomographic (CT) scanning, which could provide detailed visualization of the internal structures of charred spikelet bases and efficiently discriminate the shattering and non-shattering phenotypes of rice spikelet bases according to the abundance of fusiform echinate phytoliths. It could be widely applied in different contexts, especially those poorly preserved specimens and tempers in pottery sherds, greatly improving our knowledge of rice domestication.     

Does Combinatorial Knowledge Lead to a Better Innovation Performance of Firms?

The knowledge base concept in the past was often applied in its “pure form”, i.e. it was assumed that there are dominant knowledge bases in particular sectors and firms shaping knowledge and innovation processes and related networks. For “analytical sectors” such as biotech, it has been argued that codified knowledge generated by universities and R&D organizations is the key for innovation, whereas “synthetic sectors” such as machinery innovate more incrementally by recombining existing knowledge often drawn from suppliers or service firms. Empirical literature has partly confirmed these patters, but also shown more complex knowledge processes. More recently it has been argued that combinations of different knowledge bases might enhance the innovation performance of firms. For example in “analytical sectors”, firms might benefit not just from new and basic knowledge generated by research, but also from recombining existing and applied knowledge or by drawing on symbolic knowledge. Combinatorial knowledge bases might also be relevant for “synthetic” and “symbolic sectors”, but in different forms. This study investigates for the ICT sector in regions of Austria if the reliance on combinatorial knowledge leads to a better innovation performance than the use of more narrow knowledge bases.     

The fire stones carry: Ethnographic records and archaeological expectations for hot-rock cookery in western North America

Ethnographic data from Kalispel elders in the 1930s attest to use of wild root foods, rock-filled earth ovens, steaming and boiling pits, and hot-rock griddles during the 1800s in forested montane regions of the interior Northwest. Cabeza de Vaca’s narrative of his 1528–1536 travels across the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas and deserts of northern Mexico illustrates the importance of root foods, earth ovens, and stone boiling in aboriginal Southwest North America. These and other accounts, results of actualistic experiments, and knowledge of cooking requirements afford reliable bases for generating archaeological expectations about fire-cracked-rock assemblages representative of diverse cook-stone facilities.