A Case of Ancient Bladder Stones from Oluz Höyük,Amasya, Turkey

A biological object was recovered from the pelvic region of an adult woman coded to SK13 unearthed from Oluz Höyük in Amasya, Turkey. The skeleton was dated to the medieval period on the basis of the burial customs and the calibrated ¹⁴C dates. The find was identified as a bladder stone on morphological, radiographic and chemo‐analytical grounds with the help of X‐ray diffraction, polarised energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques. The mineralogical composition of urinary stone was found to be as calcium phosphate (apatite). Bladder stone disease is endemic in poor agricultural regions where the typical diet is mostly based on grain carbohydrate consumption with scarce intake of animal protein. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN 8500‐YEAR‐OLD BLADDER STONE FROM UZZO CAVE (TRAPANI): FOURIER TRANSFORM–INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS*

A calcium carbonate (calcite) bladder calculus was found in the pelvis of an adult female buried in a Mesolithic cave‐tomb on the coast of Sicily; it was dated by ¹⁴ C to around 6500 bc . Its chemical composition, which was not known before, was determined by means of Fourier transform–infared microspectroscopy (FT–IR–M) using the high‐pressure diamond cell, a device that makes it possible to analyse a small amount of the sample (1–2 µg). In this way, the analysis of all the laminations of the calculus was performed without destroying the sample. Although calcite was the main component, carbonate apatite was also detected in the nucleus and in a more external layer.     

RAINY RIVER STURGEON: AN OJIBWAY RESOURCE IN THE FUR TRADE ECONOMY

Previous fur trade scholarship has emphasized the hunting of fur bearers and large game rather than fishing as a component of trade relations with native peoples in the northwestern interior of North America. Evidence from fur trade records of the 18th and 19th centuries clearly indicates the importance of the Rainy River sturgeon fishery to Ojibway subsistence and commerce. In addition to being a major food resource, sturgeon provided the Ojibway with a substance called isinglass, which was traditionally important and was also a marketable commodity. Derived from the air bladder of sturgeon, isinglass was highly valued in the European market. The Hudson's Bay Company took great efforts to secure supplies of isinglass from native fishermen. Analysis of isinglass returns from Hudson's Bay Company account books reveals the magnitude of sturgeon production from the Rainy River area. During the fur trade period, the sturgeon fishery was a highly productive industry, characterized by a sustained annual yield. With the advent of non-native commercial fisheries in the region, production increased beyond the level of sustained yield. This resource was virtually destroyed by the early 20th century. Les recherches antérieures consacrées au commerce des fourrures ont fait ressortir la chasse d'animaux à fourrure et de gros gibiers plutôt que la pêche cornme activité importante dans les relations comrnerciales avec les autochtones vivant à I'interieur du Nord-Ouest de I'Amériyue du Nord. Les documents touchant le commerce de la fourrure dux 18^e et 19^e siècles démontrent nettement l'importance de la pêhe aux esturgeons dans la riviéere Rainy pour les Ojibways dans leur vie et leur commerce. En plus de constituer une irnportante res-source alimentaire, l'esturgeon offrait aux Ojibways une substance appelée ichtyocolle qui avait une importance traditionnelle et représentait également un produit négotiable. Ce produit, provenant de la poche d'air de l'esturgeon ètait très estimè sur le marché européen. la compagnie de la baie d'Hudson s'est efforcée de s'ap-provisionner en ichtyocolle auprès des pêcheurs indigènes. Les livres de comptabilitè de la compagnie de labaie d'Hudson révèfent l'importance de la production d'esturgeons dans la région de la rivière Rainy. Au cours de la période du commerce des fourrures, la pêhe d'esturgeons était une industrie très productive, caractérisée par un rendement annuel soutenu. Avec I'arrivée dans la région de la pêche commerciale non-autochtone, la production a dépassé les niveaux de rendements support-ables. Cette ressource s'est trouvée virtuellement dé-truite au début du xx^e siècle.     

Morphological comparisons of metacarpal I for Australovenator wintonensis and Rapator ornitholestoides: implications for their taxonomic relationships

WHITE, M.A., FALKINGHAM, P.L., COOK, A.G., HOCKNULL, S.A. & ELLIOTT, D.A., 2013. Morphological comparisons of metacarpal I for Australovenator wintonensis and Rapator ornitholestoides: implications for their taxonomic relationships. Alcheringa 37, 1 - 7. ISSN 0311-5518.

Various comparisons of left metacarpal I of the Australovenator wintonensis holotype have been made with Rapator ornitholestoides. These specimens were identified as being morphologically more similar than either was to that of the neovenatorid Megaraptor namunhuaiquii. Owing to the poor preservation of A. wintonensis and R. ornitholestoides, distinct morphological separation between the two appeared minimal. The recent discovery of a near perfectly preserved right metacarpal I of A. wintonensis enables a direct and accurate comparison with R. ornitholestoides. Distinct morphological differences exist between the metacarpals of the two species. A re-evaluation of the age of the A. wintonensis holotype site (AODL 85 ‘Matilda Site’) with zircon dating reveals a maximum age of 95 Ma, 10 Ma younger than the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge, from which R. ornitholestoides was recovered. This age difference detracts from the probability that the specimens belong to the same genus.

Matt A. White? [fossilised@hotmail.com], School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Peter L. Falkingham? [pfalkingham@rvc.ac.uk], Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; Alex G. Cook [alex.cook@y7mail.com] and Scott A. Hocknull [scott.hocknull@qm.qld.gov.au], Ancient environments, Queensland Museum, Hendra, Queensland, 4011, Australia; David A. Elliott [david.elliott@aaod.com.au], Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland, 4735, Australia. ?Also affiliated with Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland 4735, Australia. ?Also affiliated with Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, USA. Received 22.9.2012; revised 13.1.2013; accepted 17.1.2013.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: D. E. Luscombe : The School of Peter Abelard, The Influence of Abelard's Thought in the Early Scholastic Period. J. A. Watt : The Church and the Two Nations in Medieval Ireland. Marvin A. Breslow : A Mirror of England: English Puritan Views of Foreign Nations. 1618–1640. Charles H. O'Brein : Ideas of Religious Toleration at the Time of Joseph II: A Study of the Enlightenment among Catholics in Austria. Ian Breward : Godless Schools? A Study in Protestant Reactions to the Education Act of 1877. Harold E. Fey (Ed.): The Ecumenical Advance: A History of the Ecumenical Movement, Vol. II, 1948–1968.     

Tertiary gymnosperms from Tasmania: Araucariaceae

Three new species of the Araucariaceae are described from leaf remains, Araucaria readiae from the Early Eocene Regatta Point flora, A. hastiensis from the Middle-Late Eocene Hasties flora, and Agathis tasmanica from the Early Oligocene-Early Miocene Little Rapid River flora. Additionally, emended diagnoses are presented for Araucarioides linearis and A. annulata. A. readiae is the first organically preserved species in the section Eutacta described from Tasmania, A. hastiensis is the first record of a species not in section Eutacta in Tasmania, and A. tasmanica is the first record of Agathis in Tasmania. These species, along with other records from south-eastern Australia indicate the presence of a high diversity of araucarian species in the region in the Early-Middle Tertiary, although no species survive there today. Climatic change and competition from angiosperms may have led to their demise in that region.     

MARKET CAPTURE BY TWO COMPETITORS: THE PREEMPTIVE LOCATION PROBLEM*

ABSTRACT. We consider a location and allocation game for two competitor firms, A and B, that each seek to locate p facilities in a network. A market is captured by a particular firm if that market's closest facility belongs to that firm rather than a competitor. The question is as follows: Firm A wants to locate its p facilities so that B, which enters also with p facilities after Firm A has located its facilities, will capture the minimum market value possible. That is, Firm A wishes to preempt Firm B in its bid to capture market share to the maximum extent possible. A model is presented that addresses this issue, together with solution methods and computing times.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:
The Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic.
Jordan in the 1967 War.
Generals In Politics: Pakistan, 1958–1982.
The Middle East Remembered.
Middle East and Islam; A Bibliographical Introduction Supplement 1977–1983.
Kitāb Tathqīf al-Ta'f bi'l-Mu     tala     al-Sarīf par Taqī al-Dīn 'Abd al-Ra     mān b. Mu     ibb al-Dīn Mu     ammad al-mad al-     alabī appelé Ibn Nāir al-ayš.
Mannerism in Arabic Poetry: A Structural Analysis of Selected Texts (3rd Century A. H./9th Century A. D.5th Century A. H./llth Century A. D.)
Iraq After the Muslim Conquest.
Mysticism and Dissent. Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Inn.
Religious Ecstasy.
Eschatological Themes in the Qu'n.
How to Understand Islam.
Dynamics of Urban Life in Pre-Mughal India.
Agricultural, Industrial and Urban Dynamism under the Sultsas of Delhi 1206–1555.
Islam: Politics and Religion in the Muslim World.     

Women's History and Biography

Books reviewed in this article: Helen M. Hopper, A New Woman of Japan: A Political Biography of Kato-Shidzue Delia Jarrett-Macauley, The Life of Una Marson 1905-65 Cynthia Nelson, Doria Shafik, Egyptian Feminist: A Woman Apart Judith Olmstead, Woman Between Two Worlds: Portrait of an Ethiopian RuralLeader Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert, Phyllis Shand Allfrey: A Caribbean Life     

Reviews

Books Reviewed: David S.G. Thomas and Andrew Goudie (eds), The Dictionary of Physical Geography 3rd ed Ross A. Bradstock, Jann E. Williams and Malcolm A. Gill (eds), Flammable Australia: the Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent A. Carr, Grass Roots and Green Tape. Principles and Practices of Environmental Stewardship Felix Driver, Geography Militant: Cultures of Exploration and Empire G. Waitt, P. McGuirk, K. Dunn, K. Hartig and I. Burnley, Introducing Human Geography: Globalisation, Difference and Inequality I. Hay (ed.), Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography A.J. Brown, Ill–starred Captains: Flinders and Baudin     

Shackleton Limestone archaeocyaths

A new monotypic genus of cheirurine trilobite, Azyptyx, is described based on the new species A. toongabbiensis from Early Devonian (late Lochkovian) limestones of the Wurutwun Formation near Toongabbie, Victoria. A feature of the genus that is unusual for the subfamily is a continuous basal glabellar furrow (S1) that does not normally meet the occipital furrow medially.     

Pterygotid eurypterid chelicera from the Lower Devonian of Victoria

A single eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) chelicera, assigned to Acutiramus sp. cf. A. bohemicus, is described from the Wilson Creek Shale, Turtons Creek inlier, north of Foster, Victoria, Australia. The specimen comprises the proximal portion of both rami. This pterygotid chelicera supports an Early Devonian (?Lochkovian) age for the stratum at this locality, by comparison with occurrences of A. bohemicus from the Czech Republic and closely related species in northern Gondwana.     

AGGREGATION ERROR EFFECTS ON THE DISCRETE-SPACE p-MEDIAN MODEL: THE CASE OF EDMONTON, CANADA

The spatial analysis literature recognizes three sources of aggregation error, termed Source A, Source B, and Source C, which affect models relying on distance measurements between populations and facilities. We consider these effects with respect to aggregating from census enumeration areas to census tracts, on a popular location model. We identify a further source of aggregation error, which we dub Source D error, arising from the representation of facility sites by discrete points. Source D effects are of the same magnitude as Source A and B combined, much greater than Source C effects. Source D error is further significant, because, unlike Source A and B error, it can be eliminated only by disaggregating .
La littérature sur Vanalyse spatiale reconnaît trois sources d'erreur d'agrégation appelées erreurs de source A, B, et C. Ces erreurs influencent les modèles qui reposent sur des mesures de distance entre des populations et des installations. On considère les effets d'agrégation des secteurs de dénombrement en secteurs de recensement sur un modèle de localisation courant. On identifie une quatrième source d'erreur d'agrégation appelée erreur de source D. Cette erreur découle de la représentation des sites des installations par des points discrets. Ses effets sont du même ordre de grandeur que ceux des sources A et B combinées et beaucoup plus grands que les effets de source G. L'erreur de source D est d'autant plus significative à cause du fait que, contrairement aux erreurs de source A et B, elle ne peut être éliminée que par la désagrégation .     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Manfred M. Fischer and Arthur Getis (eds.), Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis: Spatial Statistics, Behavioural Modelling, and Computational Intelligence Lars Lundqvist, Lars-Göran Mattson, and Tschangho John Kim (eds.), Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment: Advances in Spatial Systems Modelling Piet Rietveld and Frank Bruinsma, Is Transport Infrastructure Effective? Russell W. Cooper, Coordination Games: Complementarities and Macroeconomics Philip W. Porter and Eric S. Sheppard, A World of Difference: Society, Nature, Development Mary Douglas and Steven Ney, Missing Persons: A Critique of Personhood in the Social Sciences Robert A. Dodgshon, Society in Time and Space: A Geographical Perspective on Change     

PONAPE: A PACIFIC ECONOMY IN TRANSITION: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Ponape: A Pacific Economy in Transition. A Review Article. By William R. Bascom. Anthropological Records, Vol. 22. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, U.S.A., 1965. Pp. 156. Price $US; 3.     

Reviews / Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article:
Beaches and Coasts (2nd ed), by C uchlaine A. M. K ing , M acmillan
Introduction to Geomorphology, by A listair F. P itty , Methuen and Co., London
Political Geography, by J. R. V. P rescott , M ethuen & Co Ltd, Toronto
Politics and Geographic Relationships (2nd ed.), edited by W. A. D ouglas J ackson and M arwyn S. S amuels
Migration and Regional Development in the United States, 1950–1960, by P aul J. S chwind
China, by Y i -F u T uan
The Changing Face of the Great Hungarian Plain, edited by B éla S árfalvi
Vénézuéla. Travailleurs et villes du pétrole, par Bernard Marchand, Travaux et Mémoires de l'lnstitut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine
L'Amérique Latine, économies et sociétés, par D.-C. Lambert et J.-M. M artin , A rmand C olin
The Soviet Far East, by E. S tuart K irby , M acmillan
Design for Development in Ontario: The Initiation of a Regional Planning Program, by R ichard S. T homan
Combinatorial Programming, Spatial Analysis and Planning, by A llen J. S cott , M ethuen and C o. , Toronto
Experiments in Recreation Research, by T homas L. B urton , with a part by A. J. V eal , M ethuen
AMBIO, A Journal of the Human Environment – Research and Management, edited by ERIC Dyring     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Fahmi K. Bishay, Models for Spatial Agricultural Development Planning. Studies in Development and Planning, Volume 3, edited by the Centre for Development Planning, Netherlands School of Economics A. P. Ghosh et al, Development Planning in South-East Asia D. P. Ghai (ed), Economic Independence in Africa Thomas Balogh, The Economics of Poverty. Weidenfeld and Nicolson Baldev Raj Nayar, The Modernisation Imperative and Indian Planning H. C. Bos, Martin Sanders, Carlo Secchi, Private Foreign Investment in Developing Countries. A Quantitative Study on the Evaluation of the Macro-Economic Effects A. Faludi, Planning Theory A. Faludi, A Reader in Planning Theory Partap C. Aggarwal, The Green Revolution and Rural Labour Wendell Bell and Walter E. Freeman (eds), Ethnicity and Nation-Building: Comparative, International and Historical Perspectives Ctaufurd D. W. Goodwin, The Image of Australia: British Perception of the Australian Economy from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century