外来移民和外国商人:英国崛起的外来因素

英国从一个中世纪的落后岛国,到18世纪成长为世界第一工业强国,其间不断接受着外来移民、外国商人及其资本。在某种意义上,英国的早期发展和最初崛起,离不开这些外来因素的促进和推动。当其处在经济落后阶段时,外来因素弥补了英国经济总量弱小所带来的不足和困难;当其经济发展进入欧洲前列时,外来因素为英国增加了推动力量。从中世纪的犹太人、意大利商人、汉萨商人、佛兰德尔织工移民,到近代早期的尼德兰宗教难民、法国胡格诺教徒、德国工匠、荷兰商人与资本,都为英国的发展做出了贡献。     

剖析19世纪澳大利亚民族认同

澳大利亚民族的生成与发展进程表现为英国移民的观念及身份由“澳大利亚英国人”演变为“澳大利亚人”的本土化。导致这种演变的内在因素是这些移民的民族认同取向由英国渐变为澳大利亚,进而形成诸多澳洲化的特有性,主要内容包含有社会权利、“白澳”意识、母国情结、经济利益等方面。这一演变过程进行于19世纪期间。     

战后英国移民政策透视

二战后,前英联邦国家和地区的居民大量涌入英国,从而掀起了20世纪一次最大规模的西欧对内移民潮,移民政策的制定成为战后英国政府面临的新挑战。纵观战后英国移民政策的演变,可以发现由于联邦理想和种族情结两大矛盾因素同时交织在一起,英国政府内部和两党之间在英联邦移民问题上长期存在着争议和分歧,     

澳大利亚民族认同的演进

澳大利亚民族形成的过程表现为移居澳洲的英国移民由“澳大利亚英国人“逐渐演变为澳大利亚人。这起源于他们对权利的追求,进而使得权利认同取向发生变化,即由英国转向澳大利亚。英国政府对此具有举足轻重的作用。这是澳大利亚现代化发展中的重要内容之一。     

二战后英国的“非白人”族裔

19世纪,英国的外来移民主要由三部分组成：一是为免遭迫害而来的俄国和波兰的犹太人,二是为摆脱贫穷而来的爱尔兰人,三是因贸易而来的印度人和华人。     

新闻媒体眼中的华人移民形象--20世纪上半叶的英国华人

直到20世纪中叶,在英华人数量并不很多,但由于多方面的原因,威尔士的华人移民倍受歧视,尤其是新闻媒体在报导华人时有一种妖魔化倾向,华人成为经济不景气的背景下英国人夹杂着种族偏见的一种心理渲泄对象.本文根据大量第一手资料对此进行了充分论证和初步探讨.     

英国近代海滨休闲城市初探

英国是世界上首先实现城市化的国家,其城市化进程中海滨休闲城市(镇)的发展非常引人注目,在19世纪上半叶,海滨休闲城市的发展速度甚至超过了伦敦和其他工业城市,使所有其他类型的城镇相形见绌。因此研究英国休闲城镇的崛起与发展历程,不仅有助于加深对近代英国历史发展进程的理解,而且对于在进行城市化、大力发展旅游等第三产业的国家,也有一定的借鉴意义。     

论海外奢侈品消费对近代英国社会的推动

自地理大发现和新航路开辟以来,经济全球化和世界贸易一体化加速了人口、资本、物品在全球范围内的流动和交流,欧洲人显示出了对海外各类奢侈品的独特爱好和狂热需求。17—18世纪以来,随着英国的崛起、海外殖民帝国的确立和海洋霸权的掌控,大西洋贸易和欧亚贸易对英国资本主义的发展和工业革命启动起了重大作用。来自亚洲的奢侈品茶叶、瓷器、印花布、咖啡等以及来自美洲的蔗糖、烟草、巧克力等丰富和改善了英国人的饮食习惯、膳食营养和生活品味,而英国社会各阶层对奢侈品的旺盛需求也深深刺激了本国的海外贸易、产品技术革新,对于消费革命和工业革命的发生以及向消费社会的转型具有重大意义。     

以文明的名义：19世纪英国动物保护运动的缘起

19世纪英国动物保护运动的兴起是多方面因素综合作用的结果,但与英国人的天性无关。在动物保护运动兴起前,动物在英国的处境非常悲惨,英国甚至被称为动物的“地狱”。18世纪下半叶以来,随着“文明”概念在英国的传播以及英国“文明国家”身份的建构,英国社会中上层认为动物在英国的悲惨境遇与其文明国家的身份不符,是文明的耻辱,并有损英国人的道德优越感。由此,英国社会残忍对待动物与其自视文明国度间的落差,就成为19世纪英国开启动物保护立法和推进保护运动的“新动力”。     

英国近代贵族大地产论略

近代英国经济的特征之一是贵族大地产的兴盛。从17世纪晚期至19世纪中期,为数不多的贵族始终占有相当份额的地产。甚至就整个欧洲而言,英国贵族大地产的规模和影响也格外突出。英国贵族地产大多是采用资本主义方式经营的,它在一定时期内适应着英国的生产力发展。英国近代贵族阶级长期占有大量地产,既有历史原因,也有社会政治因素;属于封建主义残余的贵族财产等级制和长子继承制,对维护贵族阶级大地产制也起着重要作用。     

清前期中英之间的绿茶贸易

十八世纪后,英国逐渐占据了中国同西方贸易的主导地位,茶叶取代丝绸成为他们从中国进口的主要商品。中国的绿茶凭借优良的品质倍受英国人青睐,大量运销英国。绿茶的大量出口推动了茶叶商品经济地发展,同时也带动了相关产业地兴起。     

从Travel到Tourism--论19世纪英国旅游概念的变易

19世纪初期“tourism”见诸英语,后又取代“travel”的主流地位,标志着英国古典旅行观向现代旅游观的转变。“tourism”概念由于适应了工业文明时代旅游大众化、市场化、产业化的需要,因而从市井俚语上升为20世纪西方旅游理论的主流概念。厘清它与汉语中“旅游”概念之间深刻的文化差异,是中国旅游学界应对西方旅游理论的一大关键。     

A Comparative Compositional Study of 7th- to 11th-Century Copper-Alloy Pins from Sedgeford,England, and Domburg,the Netherlands

EARLY MEDIEVAL PINS are found in large quantities on both sides of the North Sea and the English Channel, and as a result are one of the few artefact types that can facilitate the exploration of cross-cultural contacts in terms of style, material and manufacture. This paper presents the results of the analyses of two contemporary groups of copper-alloy pins dating from the 7th to the 11th centuries using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. One group of pins considered here was recovered from an excavated Anglo-Saxon settlement at Sedgeford (Norfolk), while the other derives from a coastal settlement at Domburg (Zeeland, the Netherlands). We argue here, on the basis of our results, that while pin production may have been focused around major mercantile, royal or ecclesiastical centres, it was also localised in terms of materials and production methods, suggesting potentially different trajectories in each region for the development and control of specialist production.     

16世纪后期英国的外贸公司及其历史作用

16世纪后期的英国,资本主义生产关系已初步形成,工农业生产得到一定程度的发展,呢绒成为英国重要的出口商品。都铎政府采取重商政策,鼓励商品出口。在此背景下,对外贸易公司纷纷成立。这些贸易公司除了在其垄断地区进行正常贸易外,同时从事地理发现和海上掠夺,并代表政府进行外交活动。外贸公司的活动,促进了英国工业的发展,对英国当时和后来的经济发展产生了深远的影响。这一时期出现的外贸合股公司这一组织形式,成为英国17世纪对北美洲和印度实行殖民占领和统治的过渡的组织形式。外贸合股公司为不列颠殖民帝国的创建做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

Swedish limestone paving in 17th-and 18th-century English buildings

Documents concerning buildings by Christopher Wren record the use of Swedish and Danish marble as a paving material. In order to establish the origin of these marbles, original pavings are examined at St Paul's Cathedral and elsewhere. Through analyses of samples and by means of other evidence both marbles are identified as Orthoceras Limestone from the Swedish island of Öland. The stone industry of Öland is described and the import of Swedish stone into England in the 17th and 18th centuries is traced through Scandinavian and English customs accounts.     

‘Man is a sack of muck girded with silver’: Metal Decoration on Late-medieval Leather Belts and Purses from the Netherlands

Abstract

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM of Antiquities in Leiden recently acquired two collections of late medieval decorated leather (belts, purses, cases) and base-metal mounts (over 1500 individual pieces) excavated in the Netherlands. These decorative patterns, objects, shields, coin imitations and letters, mainly in sheet copper and lead-tin alloy, from the 14th–16th century ad and largely from Zeeland and Dordrecht, are meant to mirror similar mounts in gold and silver. They are the true ‘bling-bling’ of the common man, woman and pet in the later Middle Ages. This article aims to give an insight into the language of the body and changing attitudes towards luxury. The material is compared with collections of this type of finds elsewhere in the Netherlands, the UK, France and Germany, while research into the archaeological, literary and iconographical context of these decorations indicate what the material tells us about what people — quite literally — wanted to express.     

First record of Carinodens (Squamata,Mosasauridae) from the uppermost Maastrichtian of Stevns Klint,Denmark

Milàn, J., Jagt, J.W.M., Lindgren, J. & Schulp, A.S., November 2017. First record of Carinodens (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the uppermost Maastrichtian of Stevns Klint, Denmark. Alcheringa 42, 597-602. ISSN 0311-5518.

Here we report on an important addition to the Late Cretaceous fossil record of marine reptiles from Denmark: a tooth crown of the rare durophagous mosasaur Carinodens minalmamar found in the uppermost Maastrichtian strata at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Stevns Klint. The tooth was found within the uppermost few metres of the Maastrichtian chalk placing it within the latest 50.000 years prior to the K/Pg boundary. The new find is a shed crown probably representing a tooth from the 11th to 13th position in the jaw. The tooth represents the northernmost occurrence of the genus Carinodens. Previous mosasaur finds from Denmark have all been from the hypercarnivorous mosasaurids Mosasaurus hoffmannii and Plioplatecarpus sp., thus our specimen adds a new trophic niche exploited by marine tetrapods in the food web of the latest Maastrichtian of Denmark.

Jesper Milàn* [jesperm@oesm.dk], Geomuseum Faxe/Østsjællands Museum, Østervej 2, 4640 Faxe, Denmark; John W.M. Jagt [john.jagt@maastricht.nl], Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6–7, 6211 kJ Maastricht, the Netherlands; Johan Lindgren [johan.lindgren@geol.lu.se], Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden. Anne S. Schulp? [anne.schulp@naturalis.nl], Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6–7, 6211 kJ Maastricht, the Netherlands. *Also affiliated with: Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1465 Copenhagen K, Denmark. ?Also affiliated with: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands, and Faculteit Bètawetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.     

The Almshouse in Dutch and English Colonial North America and its Precedent in the Old World: Historical and Archaeological Evidence

To establish historical and archaeological contexts for the case studies presented in this volume, this paper presents a review of the literature on the history and archaeology of almshouses. Because both English and Dutch colonial almshouses were based on European precedents, this paper examines historical research and archaeological work conducted in The Netherlands and England, as well as their North American colonies.     

16、17世纪英国政治文化中的父权主义

父权主义是在英国从封建主义向资本主义过渡的历史背景下,为适应秩序和稳定的需要而产生的,是16、17世纪英国大多数人共同的政治态度,为英国君权的扩张和君主实施社会控制提供了合法性依据,也在一定程度上阻止了暴君和暴政在英国的出现。英国率先完成从封建主义向资本主义过渡,父权主义是一个重要的因素。