Some New Methods of Topologic Classification of Channel Networks

Some new methods for the topologic classification of channel networks are proposed. These methods are all based on the concept of topologic path length, or number of links from the network outlet to a junction or source. Two parameters, the total path length (sum of all path lengths) and the diameter (largest path length) are shown to be useful in network analysis. Some advantages of these parameters are that they are easy to measure, have straightforward topologic interpretations, and are closely related to important geometric measures. Moreover, they are capable of explaining various empirical geomorphic “laws,” such as the 0.6 power relation between mainstream length and area.     

邢台南小汪周代遗址西周遗存的发掘

<正> 南小汪遗址位于邢台市市区西北部。这是一处范围很大的周代遗址,经初步调查,大致在今京广铁路以西,小黄河以北,达活泉以南,因南小汪村位于遗址北部而得名(图一)。 南小汪遗址南与曹演庄、南大郭等殷商遗址相连,西北与南大汪战国墓区相望。五十年代调查试掘的西关外西周遗址,实际上即是南小汪遗址的一部分。近年来,邢台市市政建设发展迅速,南小汪遗址绝大部分已被建筑所压。在施工过程中,时有周代遗物出土,如在郭守敬大街左右两侧的市一中附近、中华路宿舍区、团结路南侧等地,均曾发现大量的周代陶器鬲、盆、豆、罐等,有的地方还发现马坑和小型墓葬等。这些都表明南小汪遗址是一处规模较大、埋藏丰富的周代遗址。     

略论金代内乡窑青瓷的艺术成就——从河南淅川沉船青瓷谈起

河南浙川沉船青瓷绝大部分为金代内乡窑产品。其造型规整、釉色晶亮、工艺精湛,使我们对金代内乡窑的青瓷有一个较为全面的认识。     

Social spaces of little people: The experiences of the Jamisons

Dwarfs, midgets, even freaks, are the terms that have been used to label little people. Little people are individuals who for genetic or hormonal reasons grow to a height of less than 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 m). While little people face similar issues of access to those of other physically disabled groups, they live in spaces that are designed, both physically and socially, for people of 'average height'. In addition, little people face unique stigmas that are historically rooted in mythology, idealized body types, and the commodification of body difference for profit. This paper draws upon the spatial conception of Henri Lefebvre and the premise that social spaces are produced. Specifically, this paper offers the term, staturized space, to describe how the material environment produces relative stature in common representations of space. Furthermore, it identifies the ways in which dwarfism affects social relations as they are played out in spaces intended for average-height people. Finally, this study describes the ways little people's homes and meetings of the organization Little People of America are re-staturized spaces both physically and socially. The production of such alternative social spaces produces enabling and normative environments for little people. These issues are explored through in-depth interviews and participant observations with a married couple in which both individuals are little people. The case study of the Jamisons is part of a larger project which seeks to reveal aspects of the social spaces of a population that is difficult to access and frequently misunderstood. Geographers can benefit from the perspectives of little people by becoming increasingly sensitized to discourses of height and their material implications in the production of public and private spaces.     

Evaluation of RTD in regional systems of innovation

This paper focuses on the evaluation of research and technical development (RTD) in regional systems of innovation (RSIs). It is argued that regional systems of innovation are distinctly different from national systems of innovation, and, thus, different approaches are called for in the evaluation of RSIs. The most relevant aspects of RSIs, from the evaluation perspective, relate to their largely tacit and context‐specific character. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of RSIs are reviewed, and the implications of these for evaluation practice are discussed. Pointers for good practice in the evaluation of RTD in RSIs are listed.     

The development of core concepts of yield management

Abstract

Yield management offers an Operations Manager a decision support framework for examining the revenue and conservation decision variables that integrate the characteristics of the Heritage Visitor Attraction (HVA) experience. The principles of yield management are drawn from the hotel and airline industries to demonstrate how the problem of fixed capacity is managed in other service sectors. This paper compares these principles against Heritage Visitor Attractions (HVAs), suggesting how they could adopt such concepts. As HVAs serve broader objectives, other than profit maximisation, financial pressures are encouraging the operations manager to devise imaginative and new ways of managing sites. Ten core principles of yield management are suggested that are appropriate to Heritage Visitor Attractions. These core principles are used to evaluate Historic Scotland's and the National Trust for Scotland's approach to revenue management.     

《四库全书总目》纠误两则

于中国历史与文化的研究赐惠颇多的《四库全书总目》亦有纰漏之处,我们发现该书在明代史料鉴别上出现了两处失误:将《姜氏秘史》与《革除编年》、《续藏书》与《熙朝名臣实录》各自看作两本不同的书,并给予迥异的评价。通过考证,《革除编年》即《姜氏秘史》,《熙朝名臣实录》即《续藏书》。《四库全书总目》一书两收两评的失误,让我们体会到当时政治对学术的干预及做学问之难。     

芙蓉出水 错采镂金——宋瓷与明清瓷审美说略

芙蓉出水,错采镂金,代表了中国美学史上的两种美感。在中国人的审美心理中,这两种美感或有着境界高低的不同,这样"芙蓉出水"的宋瓷比之于"错采镂金"的明清瓷往往更受推崇。只是这两种美感的关系并非对立,而是并行不悖且互为周济与参融;"错采镂金"也同样可以透出高雅的境界,但问题在于,当它一旦异化为政治、文化统治的工具,其面目就变得暧昧可疑了。     

江苏徐州市汉代采石遗址发掘简报

徐州汉代采石遗址位于江苏省徐州市市区南部,2004年5～8月发掘。遗址地层堆积简单,但采石遗迹分布密集。采石坑数量大,反映的采石工艺较为多样,另外还有石坯坑、石渣坑、未完成坑、踏步、楔窝等。遗址内出土遗物丰富,主要为采石用的铁质工具和生活用的陶器等。遗址的时代为西汉时期,下限不晚于东汉早期。     

历代耀州窑釉料渊源关系的初步分析

耀州窑是我国古代名瓷窑。为了探讨历代耀州窑釉料之间的渊源关系,用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定古耀州瓷釉样品和耀州窑博物馆附近粘土矿样品中29种元素的含量,将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明：唐代的黑瓷釉原料产地非常集中,矿料成分单纯。宋代青瓷釉料配方比较稳定,五代青瓷具有承前启后的作用。金代月白釉料成分和宋代青瓷釉料接近。唐三彩蓝釉料与其他耀州瓷釉料来源明显不同。     

The use of large numbers of variables to measure the shape of a restricted area of bone

A series of 28 “depth” measurements, from a fixed plane to a bone surface (the frontal bone of the human skull), is presumed to contain information about shape. Data are presented for three groups of skulls and a few problematic single ones. A simple method for reducing the 28 measurements to a few shape contrasts is described. Reasons why the data are unsuitable for a canonical analysis are discussed and possible problems arising from the uncritical use of canonical analysis in general are pointed out. Some general comments are made as to the relative morphological affinities of the comparative groups selected, and especially the single more controversial specimens.     

故宫符望阁内檐装修金属构件材质与制作工艺的科学分析

为探究乾隆时期清宫内檐装修用掐丝珐琅与铜鎏金构件制造的传统工艺及其科学性,本研究采用金相显微观察、扫描电镜能谱分析等方法,对故宫符望阁建筑内檐装修用掐丝珐琅和铜鎏金构件的金属部分进行了分析.实验结果显示,掐丝珐琅构件的金属部分使用纯铜材料焊接而成,所用焊料为不同配比的Cu-Zn-Sn合金,而铜鎏金构件使用黄铜材料铸造而成,并在表面錾刻出纹饰,这两类构件金属部分表面都曾进行过传统鎏金处理.依据以上分析总结出的这两类构件的制造方法与流程,与文献或相关研究记录的清代传统技术相符,还可为进一步的保护工作提供一手的资料与重要的依据.     

The Territorial Structural Organization of the Productive Forces of Kazakhstan

The future economic development of Kazakhstan and its problems are discussed in terms of localized, technologically integrated production complexes, such as industrial districts and nodes or agrarian-industrial complexes, which in turn are combined into broader regional complexes. Five such regional complexes are distinguished—North, West, Center, South, East—and the present state of the economy and the problems of future development are discussed.     

种族问题研究中三个基本概念的界定与阐释

"原住民"、"土著"和"第一民族"是种族问题研究中常常遇到的三个基本概念。原住民是指最早定居在某地方的族群;土著最初是西方殖民者对当地原住民的称谓,而现在也泛指原住民;第一民族原来是加拿大的一个种族称谓,与印第安人同义,指的是在当今加拿大境内的北美洲原住民及其后裔,后来也可指代其他国家的意在凸显其历史渊源、独特文化和地位的原住民。     

The Crisis of Social Reproduction among Migrant Workers: Interrogating the Role of Migrant Civil Society

Abstract:  Transformations in urban economies are leading to the growth of jobs where labor and employment laws are routinely violated. Workers in these jobs are subject to harsh conditions such as low wages, hazardous work sites, and retaliation for speaking up. Many of these workers are undocumented migrants who are in a weak position to make demands on their employers or to request government assistance. These workers often turn to migrant civil society organizations for help with the multiple conflicts they face at work. Drawing on case studies of nonprofit organizations in Chicago, this paper focuses on the role of such organizations in the social reproduction of the migrant workforce. I posit that such organizations are integral to the functioning of the informal economy because the wide range of programs and services that they provide are essential to the social reproduction of migrant workers.     

《山海经》昆仑山位置新考

本文利用《山海经》中昆仑山产玉、火山、流沙、水系四个方面的记载,结合现代自然地理学证明上古狭义的昆仑山即今和田地区南部的昆仑山,广义的昆仑山还包括喀喇昆仑山、阿里高原。祁连山不符合上述四个条件,因此昆仑山不可能是祁连山。汉籍中昆仑山和佛典中阿耨达山的地理相似,其知识可能来源于高原游牧民族。     

日本民俗的“忌讳”问题摭议

日本人生活中存在许多忌讳,主要表现在衣食住行、日常劳作、人生礼仪、民间节日等方面。这些忌讳,有的影响面极广,遍及日本各地;有的影响力较弱,只限于日本的局部地区。究其成因,有的源自宗教或民间信仰;有的是接受外来文化、尤其是中国文化影响的结果,还有的与日本人居住的地理环境、生活习惯以及日语词语的发音有关。这些忌讳,也从另一个侧面,反映了日本民族的心理结构及其文化特征。     

从《世说新语》与《晋书》对东晋道佛二教的不同书写论曲笔

《晋书》与《世说新语》是研究东晋历史的重要历史文献。东晋道佛二教并盛,而《晋书》与《世说新语》各有侧重。《世说新语》崇佛抑道,《晋书》崇道抑佛,其直接原因在于其书写者心目中二教有优劣之分。其淡化或湮没的一方,可以命名为"第二教"。这是另一种"曲笔"。这种现象存在的深层背景在于传统书写中独立的史料意识的缺失,而独立的史料意识是中国古代史学向现代转型的首重之事。正视第二教缺席的现象,也能给历史研究诸多有益的启示。     

清东陵裕陵石桥维修与设计思路

清东陵裕陵共有五组石桥,石桥保存现状不同,维修方法也有所差异。本文根据其保存现状、维修内容及工程量大小将石桥分为两大类、四小类:两大类分别为实体维修型、复原型;四小类分别为简单整修型、小规模维修型、大规模维修型、复原型。不同类别,采用不同的维修思路及方法。对于实体维修型根据不同保存现状制定不同的维修方案;对于复原型,则参考类似桥体形制及官式做法进行详细的复原设计。     

《古今图书集成》版本考

《古今图书集成》编制过程留世档案很少,所以许多细节问题多有待考证,另外由于卷帙浩繁,出版印刷时间较长,各图书馆在著录版本和出版印刷时问等细节上,也常有错误之处。特别是最近国内外《古今图书集成》零本的高价拍卖,使了解此书版本情况的读者日益增多。本文经过多方考察并且对照各版次实物进行了详细的考证。纠正了许多常见的错误。