贵州基本建设考古初探

基本建设考古是当前考古工作的重要组成,在国家经济建设大背景下,是一项长期艰巨的任务。本文对贵州基本建设考古历程、成果、状况进行梳理,提出问题与对策,力促此项工作顺利开展。     

Recovering traditions in the digital era: the use of blimps for modelling the archaeological cultural heritage

Driven by progress in sensor technology, algorithms and data processing capabilities, the recording and 3D virtual modelling of complex archaeological sites is currently receiving much attention. Nevertheless, the problem remains the huge effort and costs that have to be invested to obtain realistic models. Besides on-site measurements, much time is often spent in manually rebuilding the whole site with a CAD package or a 3D-modelling tool.     

基于风险管理理论的文化遗产地监测研究

文化遗产地的保护与管理可以视为一种风险管理。对文化遗产面临风险的识别、评估、以及对风险预防与控制,从而实现低成本、高效率的保护与管理文化遗产,体现的是预防性保护的思想和理念。本工作以风险管理理论为指导,通过对文化遗产地风险管理的内容和方法进行研究和分析,提出目前监测工作所面临的一些重要问题,为改进我国文化遗产地监测工作的开展,构建我国文化遗产地监测体系框架以及提高文化遗产地的预防性保护与管理水平提供参考和借鉴。     

New tools for rock art modelling: automated sensor integration in Pindal Cave

This paper presents the integration of automated sensors based on a terrestrial laser scanner and an amateur digital camera with the aim of generating a photorealistic three-dimensional (3D) model of the Principal Panel in Pindal Cave (Spain). The approach developed for 3D modelling overcomes many of the problems related to the independent implementation of photogrammetry and laser scanning. Particularly, a sequential and hierarchical approach was developed based on the processing and matching of images from the camera (camera image) and the laser scanner (range image). The results obtained demonstrate that the workflow for this model is automatic, effective, and accurate. The presented approach was found to create hyper-realistic models, even improving upon human visual capabilities.     

An overview of Caribbean and Latin-American cultural heritage studies

Abstract

This review analyzes, through three recently published books that talk about cultural heritage in Latin America, how the Cultural Heritage Studies have allowed us to understand the current situation in the region characterized by the growing tendency to promote declarations of heritage as part of a plan for the use of culture as a resource for sustainable development. Likewise, those books analyze how responses from local communities are generated to hegemonic definitions of heritage, which indicates that cultural heritage in Latin America is not something given but something in constant construction and dispute.     

古埃及护身符的制作原理、分类与文化蕴涵

护身符是古埃及宗教文化的重要艺术形式,也是古埃及人留下的文化遗产。护身符的制作遵循交感巫术原理。按照该原理可以把护身符分为3种形式:以"相似律"原理制作的护身符、以"感染率"原理制作的护身符、"相似律"与"感染律"兼有的护身符。护身符具有丰富的文化蕴涵,是古埃及人造就强势人格的法宝,也是古埃及人冥世观的集中反映,其中积淀着埃及文明的因子。护身符的运用,一方面为埃及珠宝工艺的发展带来契机,另一方面促进了埃及文明的传播。     

水下文化遗产原址保护研究概述

长年埋藏于水下的文化遗产,在适应周围的化学、物理及生态环境后可达到一种平衡的保存状态。通过概述水下埋藏环境对文物产生的影响,并对国外文物保护工作者在沉船、水下文物点、古代聚落遗址等类型水下文化遗产原址保护的成果进行研究,为中国水下文化遗产保护相关工作的开展提供一定的借鉴。     

面向文化遗址保护的物联网技术研究与应用

大部分文化遗址因其所处环境的特殊性,导致现有常规的信息化技术手段无法有效实施,而传统的文化遗址保护技术也无法实现文化遗产保护与利用的最大化。物联网作为一项新兴的前沿热门信息技术,已经广泛应用于众多领域,具有能够与文化遗址保护工作紧密结合的发展潜力。本工作首先分析了文化遗址保护的现状与面临的问题,并对物联网技术与文化遗址保护的关系进行了深入阐述。针对文物保护领域的特殊需求,着重描述了文物本体与环境信息采集、监测数据的远距离传输,监测数据的实时分析处理三方面相关的物联网技术,并对涉及关键技术应用解决方案进行了分析说明。最后简要介绍了已经部署运行的典型文化遗址保护利用系统———基于物联网技术的敦煌莫高窟保护与利用系统,系统经过连续几年的运行积累了大量的监测数据,为敦煌莫高窟文物的保护做出了重要的贡献。随着物联网技术的进一步发展,在文物保护方面的应用将更加深入和广泛,这将进一步提升文物保护工作的效率。     

土质建筑遗址传统营造技法的演化与特征探析

土是延用至今最重要的建筑材料之一,在人类认知和掌握不同环境土的性能和特点的进程中,创造了类型丰富的土质建筑遗址。对传统营造工艺的认知、传承、挖掘和应用成为当下土质建筑遗址保护的关键问题。因此,本工作基于土质建筑遗址保存现状、建筑形制、结构特征和传统营造技法调查,结合文献记载和研究成果,按照营造技法将土建筑遗址分为生土挖造、泥土堆筑、生土夯筑、土坯砌筑和湿泥垛筑5大类15亚类,阐释了随着生产力的发展和功能需要多方面共同推动,营造技法呈递进式发展演化,且呈现出不同营造技法既具备各自的鲜明特征又相互渗透的特点,也是适应环境和功能需求的具体体现,具有一定的规律性。研究结果为深入研究早期建筑形制和营造技法提供了依据。     

物联网发展趋势与文博信息化需求研究

物联网和泛在网络的快速发展为我国文化遗产保护提供了新的方法和手段,将大力提升博物馆信息化管理水平和公众服务水平。本工作通过分析物联网发展趋势,实地调研文博行业信息化发展情况和公众对博物馆信息化的期望,提出了应用物联网技术、覆盖文化遗产"五大尺度"的信息化建设建议。     

文物熏蒸剂的环境影响与适用性探讨

环氧乙烷、溴甲烷和硫酰氟是目前主要的物熏蒸剂,其灭菌除虫的有效性已经被证实。本工作试图通过分析3种熏蒸剂的理化性质、毒理毒性、药剂残留、物质影响及废气治理等因素,以评价熏蒸剂的环境影响及其在物保护领域的适用范围和规模。     

羟基磷灰石材料在文物保护中的应用述评

作为一种新兴无机材料,羟基磷灰石近年来在石灰岩、钙质砂岩和甲骨等文物的保护领域得到了广泛的研究和应用。本研究就羟基磷灰石材料本身的特点、保护原理及应用研究现状进行了阐释与评述,指出了其借鉴意义,并展望了羟基磷灰石保护材料研究的发展方向。     

A cultural justice approach to popular music heritage in deindustrialising cities

ABSTRACT

Deindustrialisation contributes to significant transformations for local communities, including rising unemployment, poverty and urban decay. Following the ‘creative city’ phenomenon in cultural policy, deindustrialising cities across the globe have increasingly turned to arts, culture and heritage as strategies for economic diversification and urban renewal. This article considers the potential role that popular music heritage might play in revitalising cities grappling with industrial decline. Specifically, we outline how a ‘cultural justice approach’ can be used within critical heritage studies to assess the benefits and drawbacks of such heritage initiatives. Reflecting on examples from three deindustrialising cities – Wollongong, Australia; Detroit, USA; and Birmingham, UK – we analyse how popular music heritage can produce cultural justice outcomes in three key ways: practices of collection, preservation and archiving; curation, storytelling and heritage interpretation; and mobilising communities for collective action.     

红外相机技术在石窟寺与古建筑动物活动监测中的应用

2018年1月至2021年6月，采用红外相机技术监测了以石窟寺与古建筑为代表的4处遗产地动物活动，共布设相机22台，累计9 463个相机日，获得野生动物独立有效照片10 946张，监测到鸟兽类合计6目13科18种；依据相对多度指数(RAI)确定莫高窟、炳灵寺石窟、麦积山石窟和紫金庵典型优势物种分别为：大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)(RAI:35.75)、岩鸽(Columba rupestris)(RAI:75.99)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)(RAI:43.17)和珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)(RAI:43.65);4种优势物种季节性活动均表现为夏季最高，冬季最低；月活动节律为每年8月最高，1月最低；大沙鼠、岩鸽、岩松鼠、珀氏长吻松鼠日活动高峰分别为8∶00～10∶00、10∶00～12∶00、10∶00～12∶00、2∶00～4∶00。鸟兽类主要通过抓痕、筑巢、粪便污染等形式危害文物，结合上述研究，提出了针对性的防治措施建议。研究结果为厘清遗产地动物种群特征、活动节律以及动物防治提供了技术支撑和科学依据。     

Listing and protecting culturally significant events: intangible cultural heritage and policy considerations for hockey broadcasting in Canada

ABSTRACT

Listed events are policies enacted by states to protect the free-to-air rights of specific television and radio broadcasts that are identified as being of particular national significance. Some states (including the UK, Belgium, and Argentina) have begun to adopt these listed events policies, typically regarding significant national sporting events. We re-conceptualize listed events as a practical means by which to protect the intangible cultural heritage of states – an issue addressed by international institutions such as ICOMOS and UNESCO. Furthermore, we engage in a critical analysis regarding both the merits and potential problems involved in the possibility of Canada adopting listed broadcasting events policies, specifically involving hockey broadcasts.     

文物三维数字化设计及其实验方法研究

文化遗产的数字化设计为文化遗产的保护、传承和利用提供了新的方法。针对文化遗产的数字化设计理论和方法,研究了文化遗产的三维数字化设计关键技术,构建了基于计算机辅助的三维扫描文物数字化重建方法,提出二维图像标定的三维网格纹理映射思路。通过商晚期出土的青铜牛尊文物三维数字化实验,完整地构建了文物数字化设计流程框架,并对文物数字化设计理论和方法进行验证。     

Terrestrial laser scanning intensity data applied to damage detection for historical buildings

This paper presents a methodology to combine the technology of the terrestrial laser scanner with the techniques of digital image processing in order to study damages on stony materials that constitute historical buildings. This methodology has been tested using intensity data from three terrestrial laser scanners with different technical specifications. The unsupervised classification algorithms were used for the classification of 2D intensity images derived from the 3D information obtained from laser scanner equipment. The results obtained show the potential of the use of intensity data from terrestrial laser scanner for the recognition and characterization of certain pathologies in building materials that constitute historical buildings.     

生物技术在文物保护修复中的应用研究进展

在自然因素和人类活动作用下,古代壁画和石雕石刻等珍贵文化遗产普遍存在酥碱粉化、盐霜结壳、风化脱落、烟熏污染等类型病害,研发相应的保护修复材料和技术长期以来都是文物保护领域关注的焦点。近年来,生物纳米材料和生物技术因其绿色环保、兼容适用、效果良好等优势正逐渐成为常规物理措施和化学材料的补充或替代方法。本研究系统总结和梳理了功能微生物、生物酶、代谢产物及创新性生物技术在国内外文物保护修复中的发展脉络和应用现状,重点对生物清洗技术和生物加固技术的最新研究进展和存在的问题进行了综述。旨在为科研工作者开展基于生物技术的文物保护修复创新性研究提供参考和借鉴。     

A Risk Assessment for Cultural Heritage in Southern Iraq: Framing Drivers,Threats and Actions Affecting Archaeological Sites

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a classification of the risks threatening archaeological sites in southern Iraq and suggests some possible remediation to better preserve them. This has been possible thanks to a research methodology that combines remote sensing and ground control on a sample of 558 sites documented by the Iraqi-Italian QADIS survey project. A three-tier typological framework has been created illustrating the risks jeopardising the cultural heritage of the region. This research showed that the most impacting risks are the ones caused by agricultural activity, despite current narratives which mainly focus on looting and violent destruction. To get at the root of the problem, current laws protecting cultural heritage in Iraq are analysed, as well as how the cultural authorities are organised on the ground. Improving the organisation of the SBAH, engaging the local communities towards the issue of sites’ protection and introducing preventive archaeology are among the solutions proposed.     

Oaks,tree-rings and wooden cultural heritage: a review of the main characteristics and applications of oak dendrochronology in Europe

We overview the recent development of oak dendrochronology in Europe related to archaeology and art-history. Tree-ring series of European oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) have provided a reliable framework for chronometric dating and reconstruction of past climate and environment. To date, long oak chronologies cover almost the entire Holocene, up to 8480 BC and the network over the entire area in which the two oaks grow is being improved. We present the main characteristics of oak ring series and discuss the latest methodological advances in defining the calendar year in which the tree-rings were formed and in interpreting such dating in terms of the age of a wooden object. Dendrochronology has established itself as a standard dating tool and has been applied in a wide variety of (pre-)historical studies. Archaeological wood, historical buildings, works of art (such as panel paintings and sculptures) have been successfully investigated. Recent advances in dendro-provenancing have helped to obtain more information on the timber trade in the past. Information on past forest structures, silviculture and timber use have become available through scrutinizing historical and contemporary ring-width patterns.