试析明清时期淄川宗族祭产管理

为了表达报本反始之恩,明清时期的淄川宗族积极对支撑祭祀的祭产予以管理。从祭产参与者与管理者模式来看,大多是以一族之中为官人员为核心而运作的,他们起到了沟通宗族成员、地方社会与各级官吏的重要作用。同时,围绕着祭产保护这一行为,宗族内部、同姓与异姓、宗族和地域社会乃至传教士发生了一系列冲突。     

传统社会节日民俗的多重内涵：以明清时期云溪竞渡为例

传统社会中的节日民俗活动有着丰富的事象,同时也呈现出复杂的多重内涵。本文便以明清时期常州端午节盛行的云溪竞渡为例,研究传统社会中节日民俗的多重内涵,来探讨节日民俗所体现的大众文化与精英世界之间的冲突和互动。     

汉唐时期滨海地域的社会与文化

汉唐时期朐山—郁洲滨海地域围绕东海庙、谢禄庙(石鹿山神庙)、海龙王庙等庙宇而展开的社会文化史,主要表现为地域社会内部在分化、对立与冲突中逐步统一,同时向外部不断扩展、进入王朝国家主导的政治经济与社会文化系统以及更具开放性的"文化人群"中的历史过程。生计方式、交流与贸易、王朝国家的政治控制、神明信仰与奉祀乃是影响与制约滨海地域社会建构与文化形态的四个核心要素。以东海庙、谢禄庙—石鹿山神庙以及海龙王庙为中心形成的不同形式的社会关系网络,在本质上是"文化的社会关系网络"。滨海地域的社会,是海陆人群共同营构的社会;滨海地域的文化,乃是海陆因素兼具的文化。     

明清西南地区“牛丛”问题研究

牛丛自明代中期以后伴随汉人迁徙西南(以云南为主)边远山区而兴起。在明朝，牛丛是乡村防御力量的重要部分，兼具保甲性质。随着清前期的裁卫并县、改土归流等推进，官方控制深入社会基层。清中期以后，牛丛组织与官方矛盾越来越明显，成为官方严禁对象。进入晚清，由于社会群体之间的矛盾冲突加剧，牛丛弊端更进一步展现，加剧地方动乱，成为官方平乱所需要解决的重要问题。官方虽严厉禁止，但直到清末牛丛依旧影响着乡村冲突的处理方式。牛丛组织在明清易代中的地位变化，是朝廷在西南治理中政策、制度变化之反映。     

日本1996、1997年清史研究概况

一、清代 1996年7月，在中津川举行了明清史夏季研讨会，讨论主题是“中国清代后期的地域社会”。自1981年的专题讨论会提出“地域社会的视角”以来，至今已过去了十五年，“地域社会论”仍然成为本次夏季研讨会的主题，而且参与者达到100人之多，可见“地域社会”的视角已经成为当前明清史研究的主流。此次研讨会讨论了森正夫提出的“地域社会”论的所有课题和问题，虽然未能全部解决，但作为总括中国史研究现状和课题丛书的一环，是森正夫主编的《明清时代史的基本问题》（《中国史学的基本问题4》）一书的出版。在该书《总论》中，森正夫…     

明清时期士绅与国家权力的互动关系研究——以新会县为例

士绅阶层在明清时期的社会治理中发挥着重要作用,明清之际新会县发生一系列事件生动地展现了士绅阶层与国家权力间的互动关系。明代广东地区的经济社会发展和文化水平快速进步,新会县的士绅阶层也随之发展壮大。万历年间新会县的“谯门之变”及其后续事件展现了士绅阶层与国家权力之间的冲突。在清初的社会动乱中,士绅阶层为了维护自身利益而积极参与地方军事行动,同时也迅速与清朝统治者合作,双方基于维护政治秩序稳定的共识而达成了新的政治平衡。     

皮场大王信仰源流考

皮场大王信仰起源于北宋东京,本为土地神,因邻近皮角场得名。其原型是毒蛇壁镜,因"灰药救疾"而被奉为医药神,进而被附会为雅驯的古神农等。南宋时,临安礼部贡院之皮场庙成为士子应试祈祷之所,江浙地区成为信仰中心,受多种因素影响,至明清盛行不衰。明清时期,以全国性中药材集散市场安国县为中心的信仰圈,异化为邳彤信仰。以开封为中心的信仰圈,多讹传为裴昌、皮匠等。在国家礼制、地方社会、移民群体等影响下,皮场大王信仰从起源、异化到地域扩展甚广,反映了不同时期社会环境、民众祈求与国家礼制关系的互动,是传统社会民间信仰中祠神变迁的典型个案。     

明清以来苏闽宗族祠堂比较研究

明清以降,中国境内宗族组织获得了巨大发展,与宗族组织的发展相适应,民间社会倾力建设祠堂的积极性高涨。明清时期的官府尤其是清政府对祠堂建设采取鼓励和劝导政策,将之视为社会稳定的基本条件。我们从江苏、福建两地祠堂的地域比较中看到:两地宗族祠堂建设中存在诸如众力协作、推崇科第人才等共性,同时也存在兴建主体上的某些差异,譬如,江苏宗族祠堂建设中的主角是士绅,而福建宗族祠堂建设中则活跃着更多商人的身影。延续到当下社会,福建宗族祠堂建设融入了海外华人力量,于是呈现出雄伟壮观的态势,而在江苏则较难见到宗祠的踪迹。     

明代河源地区流民运动与社会变迁

近些年来,关于流民运动与地方动乱的研究,越来越受到学术界的重视,同时也取得了丰硕的成果,既有从不同角度展开的论述,也有从不同地域出发的好文。这些研究成果对我们深入了解明清时期的地方社会大有裨益,特别是黄志繁的《“贼”“民”之间——12—18世纪赣南地域社会》,     

略论明清方志丝织记述的史料价值——以江浙为中心的探讨

研究明清丝织物总要面对实物不足的困境,以方志记述来补充实物缺失是有效的弥补手段。明清丝织生产聚集于江浙一带,江浙方志中的丝织史料尤为丰富,主要存于物产、风俗、贡赋等内容中,反映了当时丝织生产及使用状况,是研究明清丝织物的重要资料。这些史料直接或间接记录了丝绸的品种、工艺、色彩及图案,或可与实物形成互证,或可补充实物缺失,具有很高的史料价值。方志中的丝织史料有清晰的地域和时间信息,依照时间顺序纵向对比,可以总结审美风气之变迁;依照地域线索横向对比,则可归纳生产分布之格局,具有其他史料难以比拟的优势。学界如能重视并充分利用明清方志史料,必将能发现更多的新材料、新问题,推动丝绸艺术史的研究进程。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.