Quantitative analysis of COH fluids synthesized at HP–HT conditions: an optimized methodology to measure volatiles in experimental capsules

The quantitative assessment of COH fluids is crucial in modeling geological processes. The composition of fluids, and in particular their H₂O/CO₂ ratio, can influence the melting temperatures, the location of hydration or carbonation reactions, and the solute transport capability in several rock systems. In the scientific literature, COH fluids speciation has been generally assumed on the basis of thermodynamic calculations using equations of state of simple H₂O–nonpolar gas systems (e.g., H₂O–CO₂–CH₄). Only few authors dealt with the experimental determination of high‐pressure COH fluid species at different conditions, using diverse experimental and analytical approaches (e.g., piston cylinder + capsule piercing + gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; cold seal + silica glass capsules + Raman). In this contribution, we present a new methodology for the synthesis and the analysis of COH fluids in experimental capsules, which allows the quantitative determination of volatiles in the fluid by means of a capsule‐piercing device connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. COH fluids are synthesized starting from oxalic acid dihydrate at P = amb and T = 250°C in single capsules heated in a furnace, and at P = 1 GPa and T = 800°C using a piston‐cylinder apparatus and the double‐capsule technique to control the redox conditions employing the rhenium–rhenium oxide oxygen buffer. A quantitative analysis of H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CO, H₂, O₂, and N₂ along with associated statistical errors is obtained by linear regression of the m/z data of the sample and of standard gas mixtures of known composition. The estimated uncertainties are typically <1% for H₂O and CO₂, and <5% for CO. Our results suggest that the COH fluid speciation is preserved during and after quench, as the experimental data closely mimic the thermodynamic model both in terms of bulk composition and fluid speciation.     

Using the STARE double pulse system to obtain the mean velocity and velocity of long-lived irregularities

The STARE and SABRE auroral radars use double pulses to measure one value of the autocorrelation function (ACF) to obtain the Doppler velocity of the irregularities in the E-region auroral zone. If the pulse separation of each double pulse is τ, then the measured velocity tends towards the mean velocity V_DP as τ → 0, and towards the velocity of the long-lived irregularities V_LL as τ → ∞. A practical implementation using these results is presented, which allows measurement of these two physically important velocities from just four pulse spacings, rather than the 11 or 15 currently used to obtain the full velocity spectrum in the STARE and SABRE radars, and thus gains greater precision or better time resolution. The two line-of-sight velocities, V_DP and V_LL, are in general not equal, with V_LL greater in magnitude than V_DP (sometimes much greater). Comparison of V_DP and V_LL for the two STARE stations and one of the SABRE stations shows interesting differences, and a number of statistically significant features. V_LL probably measures the velocity of primary irregularities whenever these exist with the appropriate k vector. Both velocities ought to be measured routinely, and also for comparison with other techniques.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed: Robert O. Keohane, Power and governance in a partially globalized world Michael Cox, Tim Dunne and Ken Booth, Empires, systems and states: great transformations in international politics Edward Keene, Beyond the anarchical society: Grotius, colonialism and order in world politics Antonio Franceschet, Kant and liberal internationalism: sovereignty, justice and international reform Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion, Moral constraints on war: principles and cases J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane, Humanitarian intervention: ethical, legal and political dilemmas Martha Minow, Breaking the cycles of hatred: memory, law, and repair Stephen Zunes, Tinderbox: US Middle East policy and the roots of terrorism Douglas Little, American orientalism: the United States and the Middle East since 1945 Princeton N. Lyman, Partner to history: the US role in South Africa's transition to democracy Gwyn Prins, The heart of war: on power, conflict and obligation in the twenty‐first century Barnett R. Rubin, Blood on the doorstep Philip Windsor. Edited by Mats Berdal and Spyros Economides, Strategic thinking: an introduction and farewell Colin S. Gray, Strategy for chaos: revolutions in military affairs and the evidence of history Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth M Cousens, Ending civil wars: the implementation of peace agreements Diana Francis, People, peace and power: conflict transformation in action Yonah Alexander, Combating terrorism: strategies of ten countries Alan Dershowitz, Why terrorism works: understanding the threat, responding to the challenge Caleb Carr, The lessons of terror: a history of warfare against civilians—why it has always failed, and why it will fail again Robert Mandel, Armies without states: the privatization of security Dana H. Allin, NATO's Balkan interventions Jane Chanaa, Security sector reform: issues, challenges and prospects Noam Chomsky, Power and terror: post 9–11 talks and interviews Roger Scruton, The West and the rest: globalization and the terrorist threat Philippe Legrain, Open world: the truth about globalisation Gerrie Ter Haar and James Busuttil, The freedom to do God's will: religious fundamentalism and social change Heather Rae, State identities and the homogenisation of peoples Roger Tooze and Christopher May, Authority and markets: Susan Strange's writings on international political economy M. J. Manohar Rao and Raj Nallari, Macroeconomic stabilization and adjustment Rhys Jenkins, Ruth Pearson and Gill Seyfang, Corporate responsibility and labour rights: codes of conduct in the global economy Jon Burchell, The evolution of Green politics: development and change within European Green parties Charles O. Holliday, Stephan Schmidheiny and Philip Watts, Walking the talk: the business case for sustainable development William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: a new diplomatic and strategic history Jonathan Pearson, Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez crisis: reluctant gamble Nigel J. Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan and the Cold War: the irony of interdependence Elena A. Iankova, Eastern European capitalism in the making Stephanie Schwandner‐Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer, Albanian identities: myth and history Vadim Volkov, Violent entrepreneurs: the use of force in the making of Russian capitalism Lilia Shevtsova, Putin's Russia George W. Breslauer, Gorbachev and Yeltsin as leaders Madawi Al‐Rasheed, A history of Saudi Arabia Lyn Schumaker, Africanizing anthropology: fieldwork, networks, and the making of cultural knowledge in Central Africa Jamie Frueh, Political identity and social change: the remaking of the South African social order state Su Dongwei, Chinese stock markets: a research handbook Andrei Lankov, From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: the formation of North Korea 1945–60 Evan Gottesman, Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge: inside the politics of nation building Bob Woodward, Bush at war Richard Crockatt, America embattled: September 11, anti‐Americanism and the global order Karen Kampwirth, Women and guerrilla movements: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas, Cuba Ilja A. Luciak, After the revolution: gender and democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala Sue Branford and Jan Rocha, Cutting the wire: the story of the landless movement in Brazil     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in tooth dentine serial sections from Wharram Percy

Here we report δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N measurements of serial sections of human deciduous and permanent tooth dentine from archaeological samples taken from the medieval village site of Wharram Percy, Yorkshire, UK. We found a pattern of enrichment, for both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, where the tooth crown was greater than the cervical part of the root, which in turn was greater than the apical portion of the root and the associated rib collagen values. This pattern reflects a decrease in the consumption of isotopically enriched breast milk and the introduction of less enriched weaning foods in the diet. The (mean±SD) difference between the deciduous second molar crowns and corresponding rib samples from the same individuals after 2 years of age was 1.2±0.4‰ for δ¹³C and 3.2±0.8‰ for δ¹⁵N. The δ¹⁵N values are as predicted, but as there were no C₄plants at Wharram Percy, this 1.2‰ enrichment in δ¹³C represents clear evidence of a carbon trophic level effect in collagen from breastfeeding infants. Carbon and nitrogen results also show that the infant diet among those who died in infancy did not differ from those who survived into childhood. This study demonstrates the promise of using dentine serial sections to study the temporal relationships of breastfeeding, weaning, and dietary patterns of single individuals.     

New light on early caprine herding strategies from isotope analysis: a case study from Neolithic Anatolia

The measurement of stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes of caprine bone collagen from the Neolithic sites of Çatalhöyük and Aşıklı Höyük in south-central Anatolia have allowed examination of exploitation and herding practices of sheep and goats. The isotope values from protodomestic caprines at Aşıklı Höyük suggests that these animals were consuming very similar foods to each other and were all confined to the same or similar environments with no access to C₄ plants. At Çatalhöyük, the results show how the caprine management strategy develops from the strategy seen at Aşıklı Höyük into a more varied practice at an early stage as the site grows with an increasing dietary contribution obtained from C₄ plants. No change in diet is isotopically discernible at Aşıklı Höyük. Interestingly, no distinction could be made between the diets of sheep and goats at either site. Therefore, such studies are a useful method of examining the development of early herding or management strategies of caprines in the Near East.     

Osteoarthritis and body mass

Osteoarthritis is the second most common pathology found in anthropological collections. Although a great deal is known about osteoarthritis, it is not yet known whether in skeletal populations there is a correlation between osteoarthritis and body mass. In this study, lower limb and spinal osteoarthritis scores were taken to determine whether body mass and femoral length correlate with osteoarthritis on weight bearing joints. Osteoarthritis was measured using a four-point ordinal scale on a sample of 114 adult prehistoric Californian Amerinds. Body mass was calculated from femoral head breadth; femoral length was measured using standard procedures; and age and sex were determined through standard osteological procedures. Using Spearman correlations, body mass and femoral length did not correlate significantly with any of the osteoarthritis variables. Age correlated significantly with nearly all of the osteoarthritis variables (hip, r = 0.507; knee, r = 0.528; cervical, r = 0.513; thoracic, r = 0.647; lumbar, r = 0.507, P-values < 0.001); and body mass and femoral length correlated with sex (r-values = 0.835 and 0.654, P-values < 0.001). With age and sex controls, body mass negatively correlated with the hip osteoarthritis variable (r = −0.202, P < 0.05), but not with any of the other osteoarthritis variables. Results concur with previous findings in the anthropological literature and highlight complexities of osteoarthritis etiology.     

Low‐temperature catalytic CO2 hydrogenation with geological quantities of ruthenium: a possible abiotic CH4 source in chromitite‐rich serpentinized rocks

Metal‐catalysed CO₂ hydrogenation is considered a source of methane in serpentinized (hydrated) igneous rocks and a fundamental abiotic process germane to the origin of life. Iron, nickel, chromium and cobalt are the catalysts typically employed in hydrothermal simulation experiments to obtain methane at temperatures >200°C. However, land‐based present‐day serpentinization and abiotic gas apparently develop below 100°C, down to approximately 40–50°C. Here, we document considerable methane production in thirteen CO₂ hydrogenation experiments performed in a closed dry system, from 20 to 90°C and atmospheric pressure, over 0.9–122 days, using concentrations of non‐pretreated ruthenium equivalent to those occurring in chromitites in ophiolites or igneous complexes (from 0.4 to 76 mg of Ru, equivalent to the amount occurring approximately in 0.4–760 kg of chromitite). Methane production increased with time and temperature, reaching approximately 87 mg CH₄ per gram of Ru after 30 days (2.9 mgCH₄/g_ru/day) at 90°C. At room temperature, CH₄ production rate was approximately three orders of magnitude lower (0.003 mgCH₄/g_ru/day). We report the first stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of abiotic CH₄ generated below 100°C. Using initial δ¹³C_CO2 of ‐40‰, we obtained room temperature δ¹³C_CH4 values as ¹³C depleted as ?142‰. With time and temperature, the C‐isotope separation between CO₂ and CH₄ decreased significantly and the final δ¹³C_CH4 values approached that of initial δ¹³C_CO2. The presence of minor amounts of C₂‐C₆ hydrocarbons is consistent with observations in natural settings. Comparative experiments at the same temperatures with iron and nichel catalysts did not generate CH₄. Ru‐enriched chromitites could potentially generate methane at low temperatures on Earth and on other planets.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Olle Törnquist, Dilemmas in Third World Communism. The Destruction of the PKI in Indonesia. Gaim Kibreab, African Refugees. B.E. Harrell-Bond, Imposing Aid — Emergency Assistance to Refugees. Jan Bouke Wijbrandi, Organized and Spontaneous Settlement in Eastern Sudan: Two Case Studies on Integration of Rural Refugees. Kim Forss, Planning and Evaluation in Aid Organizations. Piers Blaikie, The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. Michael Lipton with Richard Longhurst, Modern Varieties, International Agricultural Research, and the Poor. Shaul Bakhash: The Reign of tbe Ayatollahs. Iran and the Islamic Revolution. George Black, Garrison Guatemala. Marlene Dixon (ed.), On Trial: Reagan's War Against Nicaragua. Andrew J. Pierre (ed.), Third World Instablity. Central America as a European-American Issue. Maria Helena Moreira Alves, State and Opposition in Military Brazil. E.H. Preeg (ed.), Hard Bargaining Ahead. U.S. Trade Policy and Developing Countries. Esperanza Durán (ed.), Latin America and the World Recession. Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832–1982. Jan Breman, Of Peasants, Migrants and Paupers. Rural Labour Circulation and Capitalisf Production in West India. Vicky Randall and Robin Theobald, Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to Third World Politics. Stephany Griffith-Jones and Charles Harvey (eds), World Prices and Development. Malcolm C. Sawyer, The Economics of Michal Kalecki. Ricardo Acosta Suárez (ed.), The Management of Interlinkages. ICPE, Essays on Relations between Governments and Public Enterprises. Ale? Vah?i? and Vesna Smole-Grobov?ek (eds), Workers' Self-management and Participation. National Reports, Vol. III Ivan Turk, Accounting Analysis of the Efficiency of Public Enterprises. Twenty-five Years of Development Cooperation: A Review. Efforts and Policies of the Members of the Development Assistance Committee. Report by Rutherford M. Poats. Javed A. Ansari, The Political Economy of International Economic Organization.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences Veronika Bennholdt‐Thomsen and Maria Mies, The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalized Economy Martin Doornbos, Institutionalizing Development Policies and Resource Strategies in Eastern Africa and India: Developing Winners and Losers Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathon Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation‐State Wolfgang Sachs, Planet Dialectics: Explorations in Environment and Development Sue Wright, Community and Communication: The Role of Language in Nation State Building and European Integration Jim Freedman (ed.), Transforming Development: Foreign Aid for a Changing World Rube´n Berríos, Contracting for Development. The Role of For‐Profit Contractors in U.S. Foreign Development Assistance Alan Fowler, The Virtuous Spiral. A Guide to Sustainability for NGOs in International Development Reidar Dale, Evaluation Frameworks for Development Programmes and Projects Jamal Khan and Wayne Soveral, Doing Projects Patricia Feeney, Accountable Aid: Local Participation in Major Projects Susanne Neubert, Social Impact Analysis of Poverty Alleviation Programmes and Projects: A Contribution to the Debate on the Methodology of Evaluation in Development Cooperation Chris Roche, Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change Santosh Mehrotra and Richard Jolly, Development with a Human Face: Experiences in Social Achievement and Economic Growth Shepard Forman and Steward Patrick (eds), Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery Holger Henke and Ian Boxill (eds), The End of the ‘Asian Model’? Manoranjan Mohanty, Partha Nath Mukherji with Olle Tornquist (eds), People’s Rights: Social Movements and the State in the Third World S. Iudicello, M. Weber and R. Wieland, Fish, Markets and Fishermen: The Economics of Overfishing David A. McDonald (ed.), On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa Jennifer Hyndman, Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Displacement Chris Lyttleton, Endangered Relations: Negotiating Sex and AIDS in Thailand     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Jenny, Edkins, Nalini, Persram and Veronique, Pin‐Fat, (ed.) Sovereignty and subjectivity Robert M. A., Crawford, Idealism and realism in International Relations: beyond the discipline Hazel, Smith, (ed.) Democracy and International Relations: critical theories/problematic practices Ian, Clark, Globalization and International Relations theory Nicholas J., Wheeler, Saving strangers: humanitarian intervention in international society Robert, Jackson, The global covenant: human conduct in a world of states Michael, Byers, (ed.) The role of law in international politics: essays in international relations and international law Rein, Müllerson, Ordering anarchy: international law in international society Thomas D., Grant, The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution Boutros, Boutros‐Ghali, Unvanquished: a US–UN saga Edward, McWhinney, The United Nations and a new world order for a new millennium: self‐determination, state succession, and humanitarian intervention Sherman W., Garnett, (ed.) Rapprochement or rivalry? Russia–China relations in a changing Asia Maria do, Ceu Pinto, Political Islam and the United States: a study of US policy towards Islamist movements in the Middle East Fawaz A., Gerges, America and political Islam: clash of cultures or clash of interests? Michael, Cox, Adrian, Guelke and Fiona, Stephen, (ed.) A farewell to arms? From ‘long peace’ to long war in Northern Ireland John, Darby and Roger Mac, Ginty, (ed.) The management of peace processes Barbara F., Walter and Jack, Snyder, (ed.) Civil wars, insecurity and intervention David P., Auerswald, Disarmed democracies: domestic institutions and the use of force Robert, O'Neill and John, Baylis, (ed.) Alternative nuclear futures: the role of nuclear weapons in the post‐Cold War world Lisa A., Baglione, To agree or not to agree: leadership, bargaining and arms controls Andrew, Rojecki, Silencing the opposition: antinuclear movements and the media in the Cold War Christian, Joppke and Steven, Lukes, (ed.) Multicultural questions Robert K., Schaeffer, Severed states: dilemmas of democracy in a divided world James F., Hollifield and Calvin, Jillson, (ed.) Pathways to democracy: the political economy of democratic transitions Graeme, Gill, The dynamics of democratization: elites, civil society and the transition process Ted Robert, Gurr, People versus states: minorities at risk in the new century Karen, Armstrong, The battle for God: fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam Mark, Juergensmeyer, Terror in the mind of God: the global rise of religious violence John L., Esposito and Michael, Watson, (ed.) Religion and global order Ger, Duijzings, Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo Mahmoud, Sadri and Ahmad, Sadri, (ed. and transl.) Reason, freedom, and democracy in Islam: essential writings of Abdolkarim Soroush Gary P., Sampson, Trade, environment and the WTO: the post‐Seattle agenda Gary P., Sampson and W. Bradnee, Chambers, (ed.) Trade, environment and the millennium Robert, Gilpin, The challenge of global capitalism: the world economy in the 21^st century Ngaire, Woods, (ed.) The political economy of globalization Thomas, Friedman, The Lexus and the olive tree R. J. Barry, Jones, The world turned upside down? Globalization and the future of the state Morris, Goldstein, Graciela L., Kaminsky and Carmen M., Reinhart, Assessing financial vulnerability: an early warning system for emerging markets Christopher L., Gilbert and David, Vines, (ed.) The World Bank: structure and policies Catherine L., Mann, Sue E., Eckert and Sarah Cleeland, Knight, Global electronic commerce: a policy primer Stephen G., Cecchetti, Hans, Genberg, John, Lipsky and Sushil, Wadhwani, Asset prices and central bank policy Ulrich, Bartsch and Benito, Müller with Asbjørn, Aaheim, Fossil fuels in a changing climate: impacts of the Kyoto Protocol and developing country participation Axel, Michaelowa and Michael, Dutschke, (ed.) Climate policy and development: flexible instruments and developing countries Matthew, Paterson, Understanding global environmental politics: domination, accumulation, resistance Martin H., Folly, Churchill, Whitehall and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945 Saul, Kelly and Anthony, Gorst, (ed.) Whitehall and the Suez crisis Scott, Lucas, Freedom's war: the US crusade against the Soviet Union 1945–56 Sergei N., Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the creation of a superpower Stephen, Twigge and Len, Scott, Planning Armageddon: Britain, the United States and the command of Western nuclear forces 1945–1964 Qiang, Zhai, China and the Vietnam wars, 1950–1975 Wolfgang, Wessels, Die Oeffnung des Staates: Modelle und Wirklichkeit grenzueberschreitender Verwaltungspraxis 1960–1995 Jonathan P. G., Bach, Between sovereignty and integration: German foreign policy and national identity after 1989 Emil J., Kirchner, (ed.) Decentralization and transition in the Visegrad: Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia Heinz, Kramer, A changing Turkey: the challenge to Europe and the United States Gráinne de, Búrca and Joanne, Scott, (ed.) Constitutional change in the EU: from uniformity to flexibility? Colin, Crouch, (ed.) After the euro: shaping institutions for governance in the wake of European Monetary Union Paul, Kubicek, Unbroken ties: the state, interest associations, and corporatism in post‐Soviet Ukraine Gordon B., Smith, (ed.) State‐building in Russia: the Yeltsin legacy and the challenge of the future Andrei, Shleifer and Daniel, Treisman, Without a map: political tactics and economic reform in Russia Greg, Austin and Alexey D., Muraviev, The armed forces of Russia in Asia Avi, Shlaim, The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world Mai, Yamani, Changed identities: the challenge of the new generation in Saudi Arabia Hilal, Khashan, Arabs at the crossroads: political identity and nationalism Neil, Quilliam, Syria and the New World Order Michael M., Gunter, The Kurdish predicament in Iraq: a political analysis Julian, May, (ed.) Poverty and inequality in South Africa: meeting the challenge Susan Collin, Marks, Watching the wind: conflict resolution during South Africa's transition to democracy Larry, Diamond and Mark F., Plattner, (ed.) Democratization in Africa Michela, Wrong, In the footsteps of Mr Kurtz: living on the brink of disaster in the Congo Roger, Tangri, The politics of patronage in Africa: parastatals, privatization and private enterprise Fátima Moura, Roque, Building peace in Angola: a political and economic vision Janet, MacGaffey and Rémy, Bazenguissa‐Ganga, Congo–Paris: transnational traders on the margins of the law Reinhard, Drifte, Japan's quest for a permanent Security Council seat: a matter of pride or justice? Gerald L., Curtis, The logic of Japanese politics: leaders, institutions and the limits of change Fred I., Greenstein, The presidential difference: leadership style from FDR to Clinton Rebecca K. C., Hersman, Friends and foes: how Congress and the President really make foreign policy Bill, Weinberg, Homage to Chiapas: the new indigenous struggles in Mexico Alison, Brysk, From tribal village to global village: Indian rights and international relations in Latin America Carmelo, Mesa‐Lago, with Alberto Arenas, de Mesa, Ivan, Brenes, Verónica, Montecinos and Mark, Samara, Market, socialist, and mixed economies: comparative policy and performance: Chile, Cuba, and Costa Rica     

Stable oxygen (δO) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes in ovicaprid dentinal collagen record seasonal variation

Understanding paleoenvironmental conditions, including the frequency and amplitude of seasonal variation, is crucial to understanding a wide array of human behaviors in prehistory. In vertebrate calcified tissue, inorganic oxygen isotopes derived from apatite have been widely used as a proxy for paleoenvironment and seasonality in the archaeological record. However, organic sources of δ¹⁸O and δD in mineralized tissue have remained largely unexplored. Here we measure the oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δD) composition of dentin collagen sequentially sampled from the lower cheek teeth of four modern ovicaprids from the Baga Gazar'in Chuluu (BGC) region of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. A significant correlation between trends in hydrogen and oxygen isotope values within individual teeth was identified. The amplitude of isotopic variation observed in sampled tooth dentin is similar to the yearly range of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic variation observed in meteoric precipitation for the region. These data indicate that dentin collagen δ¹⁸O and δD isotopic values reflect seasonal variation in the organic oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of diet and ingested water. We argue that paired measurements of dentin collagen δ¹⁸O and δD appear to be reliable seasonal climatic indicators.     

Roman blue-green bottle glass: chemical–optical analysis and high temperature viscosity modelling

Chemical analysis, optical absorption spectroscopy and mathematical modelling of high temperature viscosity have been carried out on five 1st–2nd century AD Roman blue-green bottle glass fragments from Coppergate, York. Modelled viscosities indicate remarkable consistency within the sample set studied and support the suggestion that temperatures of ∼1000–1150 °C were required to remelt these glasses and to provide suitable viscosities for forming articles. Iron redox ratios (Fe²⁺/ΣFe), analysed SO₃ contents and the absence of characteristic Fe³⁺–S²⁻ amber absorption bands suggest that melting conditions for all studied glasses were mildly, rather than strongly, reducing (estimated pO₂ ≈ 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ bar). These furnace conditions are consistent with the effects of combustion gases and carbonaceous matter contained in the raw materials.     

Metaceratodus kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov., two Late Cretaceous South American species of an austral lungfish genus (Dipnoi)

Cione, A.L. & Gouiric-Cavalli, S., June 2012. Metaceratodus kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov., two Late Cretaceous South American species of an austral lungfish genus (Dipnoi). Alcheringa 36, 203–216. ISSN 0311-5518.

Metaceratodus wollastoni, an Australian species, was reported from Upper Cretaceous beds of Patagonia in 1997. Later, three new species (Ceratodus wichmanni, Ptychoceratodus kaopen and Ptychoceratodus cionei), based on scarce material, were described from the same region. Two of these species were later referred to Ferganoceratodus. After examining much more abundant and better-preserved material, we conclude that neither the occurrence of Metaceratodus wollastoni nor those of Ptychoceratodus and Ferganoceratodus in the Cretaceous of South America are supported. We consider that C. wichmanni and P. cionei are synonyms and we reassign the three putative species to Metaceratodus under two new combinations: M. kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov. Both differ from the other species of the genus in having pits over most of the occlusal surface and a different occlusal profile of the tooth plate, and most have four ridges in the lower and upper tooth plates. Metaceratodus wichmanni differs from M. kaopen in oclussal profile, inner angle, and symphysis development among other features. Metaceratodus kaopen is known from the upper Santonian–lower Campanian Anacleto Formation of Río Negro province and M. wichmanni from upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian units of Chubut, Río Negro, Neuquén and Mendoza provinces, Argentina. The occurrence of Metaceratodus in southern South America corroborates a close biogeographical relationship with Australia in the latest Cretaceous.

Alberto Luis Cione [acione@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar] and Soledad Gouiric-Cavalli [sgouiric@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar], División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, W1900FWA La Plata, Argentina. Received 23.11.2010, revised 11.7.2011, accepted 7.8.2011.

     

Opposing peace: English political pamphlets against the Treaty of Madrid in 1630

ABSTRACT

In November 1630 the Treaty of Madrid was signed between Philip IV, king of Spain, and Charles I, king of England. During the peace negotiations several pamphlets critical of the pro-Spanish policy of Charles I were printed in England. These publications contributed to the development of an increasing criticism of Charles I, by identifying his neutral European policy with pro-Spanish policies. The anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic rhetoric, which formed the basis of this criticism, was used to promote an aggressive foreign policy and consequently an active opposition to the king. The following pamphlets are discussed in this paper: Considerations T ouching a W arre with Spaine; The M erchandises of Popish P riests; The English Spanish Pilgrim; Further O bservations of the English Spanish Pilgrim; The P ractise of P rinces; The P resent E state of Spayne; and Three S everall T reatises C oncerning the T ruce.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Youngil Lim, Technology and Productivity: The Korean Way of Learning and Catching up Ronaldo Munck and Denis O’Hearn (eds), Critical Development Theory: Contributions to a New Paradigm Paul Collins, Applying Public Administration in Development: Guideposts to the Future Stephen A. Vosti and Thomas Reardon (eds), Sustainability, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation. A Policy and Agroecological Perspective Donald O. Mitchell, Merlinda D. Ingco and Ronald C. Duncan, The World Food Outlook Richard E. Mshomba, Africa in The Global Economy Paul Gifford, African Christianity: Its Public Role Haleh Afshar, Islam and Feminisms: An Iranian Case Study Anders Corr, No Trespassing: Squatting, Rent Strikes and Land Struggles Worldwide Henny Romijn, Acquisition of Technological Capability in Small Firms in Developing Countries Chandan Mukherjee, Howard White and Marc Wuyts, Econometrics and Data Analysis for Developing Countries. Priorities for Development Economics Series Dani Rodrik, The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Do World Bank and IMF Policies Work? Michelle Miller‐Adams, The World Bank: New Agendas in a Changing World Ravi Kanbur and Todd Sandler with Kevin M. Morrison, The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Public Goods Miguel Centeno and Patricio Silva (eds), The Politics of Expertise in Latin America Stephen Ellis, The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War Orlando Fals Borda (ed.), People’s Participation: Challenges Ahead Angela Cheater (ed.), The Anthropology of Power: Empowerment and Disempowerment in Changing Structures Terje Tvedt, Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats? NGOs and Foreign Aid Ann C. Hudock, NGOs and Civil Society. Democracy by Proxy? Steven R. Brechin, Planting Trees in the Developing World. A Sociology of International Organisations     

Late Precambrian algal megafossils Chuaria and Tawuia in some areas of eastern China

Chuaria is widespread in Late Precambrian deposits throughout the world. In China it has been found in the Jingeryu Formation of Jixian County, Tianjin, and in its equivalents in eastern China including the Nanfen Formation of Liaoning and Jilin Provinces, and the Liulaobei Formation of Anhui Province. In the latter, Chuaria is associated with the genus Tawuia which Hofmann (in Hofmann & Aitken, 1979) described as algae of undertermined affinity and which is based on material from Canada. The glauconitic sandstone directly resting upon Chuaria-bearing greyish-green shale of the Jingeryu Formation in Jixian County has a K-Ar age of 0.899 Ga. This paper describes C. circularis Walcott, T. dalensis Hofmann and T. sinensis n. sp., and discusses the morphology, biological and taxonomic affinities, and age and geographic distribution of Chuaria. Because of the association of Chuaria and Tawuia in the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada, and also in the area of Shouxian County, Anhui Province, China, it is considered that Chuaria and Tawuia probably have close affinities. According to their general morphology and occurrence, both may be marine planktonic multicellular algae.     

Anomalous diurnal phase shifts of Omega VLF waves (10–14 kHz) on the east–west low latitude and transequatorial paths

The phase of the Omega HAIKU (Hawaii, U.S.A.) and REUNION (La Reunion) signals were measured at Inubo, Japan and onboard ship at Fremantle. Australia. Strong east–west non-reciprocities of the diurnal phase shift are obtained both on the low latitude and transequatorial paths, and it is found that the non-reciprocity on one path is in an opposite sense to the other. The diurnal phase shift, ϕ_DN for the west-to-east (WE) propagation is 7.8–8.7 µs Mm^–1 at 13.6 kHz on the transequatorial and mid-latitude paths, indicating no significant latitude dependence of the phase velocity in WE propagation. On the other hand, ϕ_DN for the east-to-west (EW) propagation greatly depends on the geomagnetic latitude; at 13.6 kHz ϕ_DN = 11.3µs Mm^–1 on the low latitude path and ϕ_DN = 50 µs Mm^–1 on the transequatorial path, which are 40% greater and 35% less than ϕ_DN in WE propagation, respectively. The east-west non-reciprocities of ϕ_DN on the low latitude and transequatorial paths are interpreted in terms of a single mode propagation in the conventional anisotropic waveguide model with β_D = 0.3 km^–1, β_N = 0.5 km^–1 and h_N–h_D = 12.5 km. In particular, the anomalously small ϕ_DN on the EW transequatorial path is explained as due to the high phase velocity of the night-time first-order mode in the equatorial region within ±12° geomagnetic latitude.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era. Charles A. Kupchan (ed.), Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe. Jyrki Livonen (ed.), The Future of the Nation State in Europe. Peter Collins (ed.), Nationalism and Unionism: Conflict in Ireland, 1885-1921. James G. Carrier (ed.), Occidentalism: Images of the West. Omar Dehbour and Micheline R. Ishay (eds.), The Nationalism Reader. Juan Diez Medrano, Divided Nations: Class, Politics, and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Bernhard Giesen, Die Intellektuellen und die Nation. Eine deutsche Achesenzeit. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Peter Fitzpatrick (ed.), Nationalism, Racism and the Rule of Law. William R. Hutchison and Hartmut Lehmann (eds.), Many Are Chosen. Divine Election and Western Nationalism. Dawa Norbu, Culture and the Politics of Third World Nationalism. André Liebich and Daniel Warner with Jasna Dragovic (eds.), Citizenship East and West. Sukumar Periwal (ed.), Notions of Nationalism. Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-State: the Rise of Regional Economics. Michel Cahen, Ethnicité politique. Pour une lecture réaliste de l'identité. Boas Evron, Jewish State or Israeli Nation. Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru. Moses Hess, The Revival of Israel: Rome and Jerusalem, The Last Nationalist, Questions, History and Causes. Bernard Lazare, Antisemitism, Its History and Causes. Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds.), Unsettling Settler Societies.     

BOOK NOTES

Books reviewed in this articles: Aaron, Henry J. and Gary Burtless (eds.), Retirement and Economic Behavior Aaronson, David E., C. Thomas Dienes, and Michael C. Musheno, Public Policy and Police Discretion: Processes of Decriminalization Abdul-Rauf, Muhammad, A Muslim's Reflection on Democratic Capitalism Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Regulatory Federalism: Policy, Process, Impact and Reform Ball, Howard, Controlling Regulatory Sprawl: Presidential Strategies from Nixon to Reagan Bandyopadhyaya, Kalyani, Burma and Indonesia: Comparative Political Economy and foreign Policy Baranson, Jack, Robots in Manufacturing: Key to International Competitiveness Baumgartner, Thomas, and Tom R. Burns (eds.), Transitions to Alternative Energy Systems: Entrepreneurs, New Technologies, and Social Change Becker, William H., and Samuel F. Wells, Jr. (eds.), Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789 Bendix, Reinhard, Force, Fate, and Freedom: On Historical Sociology Benvenisti, Meron, The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Policies Brigham, John, Civil Liberties and American Democracy Chackerian, Richard, and Gilbert Abcarian, Bureaucratic Power in Society Clawson, Marion, The Federal Lands Revisited Dahiya, S. Bhagwan (ed.), Development Planning Models Diamond, Edwin and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The rise of Political Advertising on Television Eden, Robert, Political Leadership and Nihilism: A Sutdy of Weber and Nietzche Epstein, David F., The Political Theory of The Federalist Gawthrop, Louis C., Public Sector Management, Sysems and Ethics Ghosh, Pradip K. (ed.), Energy Policy and Third World Development Ghosh, Pradip K. (ed.), Population, Environment and Resources, and Third World Development Goldenberg, Edie N., and Michael W. Traugott, Campaigning for Congress Hanson, Royce (ed.), Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure Haskell, Thomas L. (ed.), The Authority of Experts: Studies in History and Theory Hofstetter, Richard r. (ed.), U.S. immigration Policy Johnson, Charles A., and Bradley Canon, Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact King, Mervyn A., and don Fllerton (eds.), The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and West Germay Kirby, Andrew, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch (eds.), Public Service Provision and Urban Development Kresge, David T. Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. goldsmith, and Michael J. Scott, Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development Laband, David N., Foreign Ownership of U.S. Farmaland: and Economic Analysis of Regulation Lawrence, Robert Z., Can America Compete? Malbin, Michael J., (ed.), Money and Politics in the United States: Financing elections in the 1980s Meyer, Stephen M., The Dynamics of Nucler Proliferation Muns, Joaquin (ed.), Adjustment, Conditionality, and International Financing Nelson, Barbara J., Making an Issue of Child Abuse: political Agenda Setting for Social Problems Nigro, Lloyd G. (ed.), Decision Making in the Public Sector Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (ed.), The making of America's Soviet Policy Piasecki, Bruce (ed.), beyond Dimping: New Strategies for Controlling Toxic Contamination Pontell, Henry N., A Capacity to Punish: The Ecology of Crime and Punishment Rabin, jack, Samuel Humes, and Brian S. Morgan (eds.), Managing Administration Rivlin, alice M. (ed.), Economic Choices 1984 Spear, Joseph C. Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy Stewart, Michael, The Age of Interdependence: Economic Policy in a Shrinking World Taylor, Theodore W., American Indian Policy West, Darrell M., Making Campaigns Count: Leadership and Coalition building in 1980 Woolsey, R. James (ed.), Nuclear Arms: Ethics, Strategy, Politics     

Book reviews

Books reviewed: Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons, Handbook of International Relations. Richard Shapcott, Justice, community, and dialogue in International Relations. Arthur Lupia, Matthew D. McCubbins and Samuel L. Popkin, Elements of reason: cognition, choice and the bounds of rationality. Daniel C. Thomas, The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of communism. Karen E. Smith and Margot Light, Ethics and foreign policy. John H. Jackson, The jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO: insights on treaty law and economic relations. Peter Ronayne, Never again?: the United States and the prevention and punishment of genocide since the Holocaust. Samantha Power, ‘A problem from hell’: America and the age of genocide. Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a genocide: the United Nations and Rwanda. Ann Marie Clark, Diplomacy of conscience: Amnesty International and changing human rights norms. Sven Behrendt and Christian–Peter Hanelt, Bound to cooperate: Europe and the Middle East. William Brown, The European Union and Africa: the restructuring of north–south relations. Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting missions: Havana, Washington and Africa 1959–1976. Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: disenchanted allies. Ulrich Pfeil, Die DDR und der Westen: transnationale Beziehungen 1949–1989. Gregory Rattray, Strategic warfare in cyberspace. Adekeye Adebajo and Chandra Lekha Sriram, Managing armed conflicts in the 21st century. Louise Olsson and Torunn L. Tryggestad, Women and international peacekeeping. Caroline O. N. Moser and Fiona C. Clark, Victims, perpetrators or actors? Gender, armed conflict and political violence. Charles S. Cogan, The third option: the emancipation of European defense, 1989–2000. Kevin Wright, Arms control and security: the changing role of conventional arms control in Europe. Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian, Propaganda and the public mind. Dusan Kecmanovic, Ethnic times: exploring ethnonationalism in the former Yugoslavia. Will Guy, Between past and future: the Roma of central and eastern Europe. Fred Myers, The empire of things: regimes of value and material culture. Jagdish Bhagwati, Free trade today. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of capitalism: the institutional foundations of comparative advantage. Alice H. Amsden, The rise of ‘the rest’: challenges to the west from late–industrializing economies. Garry P. Sampson, The role of the World Trade Organization in global governance. Bjorn Lomborg, The skeptical environmentalist: measuring the real state of the world. Jeanne X. Kasperson and Roger E. Kasperson, Global environmental risk. Neville Wylie, European neutrals and non–belligerents during the Second World War. Percy Cradock, Know your enemy: how the Joint Intelligence Committee saw the world 1945–1968. Peter Hennessy, The secret state: Whitehall and the Cold War. David P. Calleo, Rethinking Europe’s future. Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe. Martin A. Smith and Graham Timmins, Building a bigger Europe: EU and NATO enlargement in comparative perspective. Geoffrey Pridham and Attila Ágh, Prospects for democratic consolidation in East Central Europe. Saadia Touval, Mediation in the Yugoslav wars. Helga Haftendorn, Deutsche Aussenpolitik zwischen Selbstbeschränkung und Selbstbehauptung. Neil Robinson, Russia: a state of uncertainty. Yves Boyer and Isabelle Facon, La politique de sécurité de la Russie: entre continuityé et rupture. Harir Dekmejian and Hovann Simonian, The troubled waters: the geopolitics of the Caspian region. Geneive Abdo, No God but God: Egypt and the triumph of Islam. Richard B. Parker, The October War: a retrospective. Michael Schatzberg, Political legitimacy in middle Africa: father, family, food. Goran Hyden, Dele Olowu and Okoth Ogendu, African perspectives on governance. Tunde Zack–Williams, Diane Frost and Alex Thomson, Africa in crisis: new challenges and possibilities. Mark Huband, The skull beneath the skin. Thomas Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir and Robert Latham, Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: global–local networks of power. J. Stephen Morrison and Jennifer Cooke, Africa policy in the Clinton years: critical choices for the Bush administration. Sara Berry, Chiefs know their boundaries: essays on property, power and the past in Asante, 1896–1996. Jim Broderick, Gary Burford and Gordon Freer, South Africa’s foreign policy: dilemmas of a new democracy. Korwa Gombe Adar and Rok Ajulu, Globalization and emerging trends in African states’ foreign policy–making processes: a comparative perspective of southern Africa. Chris Alden, Mozambique and the construction of the new African state: from negotiations to nation building. Rotimi T. Suberu, Federalism and ethnic conflict in Nigeria. Martin Meredith, Mugabe: power and plunder in Zimbabwe. Achille Mbembe, On the postcolony. Brian Raftopoulos and Lloyd Sachikonye, Striking back: the labour movement and the post–colonial state in Zimbabwe 1980–2000. Nicholas Lardy, Integrating China into the global economy. Thomas G. Moore, China and the world market: Chinese industry and international sources of reform in the post–Mao era. David M. Lampton, The making of Chinese foreign and security policy in the era of reform, 1978–2000. Chao Chien Min and B. Dickson, Remaking the Chinese state: strategies, society and security. Colin Mackerras, The new Cambridge handbook of contemporary China. Dawa Norbu, China’s Tibet policy. Julian Weiss, Tigers’ roar, Asia’s recovery and its impact. John Ravenhill, APEC and the construction of Pacific Rim regionalism. Edmund Terence Gomez, Political business in East Asia. Matthew Jones, Conflict and confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965: Britain, the United States, Indonesia and the creation of Malaysia. John Hilley, Malaysia: Mahathirism, hegemony and the New Opposition. Joseph S. Nye Jr, The paradox of American power: why the world’s only superpower can’t go it alone. Guy Poitras, Inventing North America: Canada, Mexico and the United States. Steven Casey, Cautious crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American public opinion, and the war against Nazi Germany. Shawn J. Parry–Giles, The rhetorical presidency: propaganda and the Cold War, 1945–1955. Cecil V. Crabb Jr., Leila E. Sarieddine and Glenn J. Antizzo, Charting a new diplomatic course: alternative approaches to America’s post–Cold War foreign policy. H. Bruce Franklin, Vietnam and other American fantasies. Victor Bulmer–Thomas. Regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: the political economy of open regionalism. Antoni Estevadeordal and Carolyn Robert, Las Americas sin barreras: negociaciones comerciales de acceso a mercados. Eric Thomas Chester, Rag–tags, scum, riff–raff and Commies. Anthony Payne and Paul Sutton, Charting Caribbean development.