泥范法复原许公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件研究

因对“许公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件是先秦失蜡法工艺制作”这一论断存有质疑,故通过实验考古的手段,用泥范制作工艺对徐公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件进行了复原,实验证明用6块组合外范和1块芯范即可浇铸出此饰件．关键是要在芯范上设计出可让铜水流到透空纹饰处的通道,而正是这些通道使浇铸后的饰件上形成了连接把手和透空纹饰的铜梗,这些铜梗是铸造透空纹饰的技术产物。泥范铸造实验成功铸出了徐公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件,且其具有原器物的工艺特征,从而也说明了此饰件乃泥范铸造工艺的产物。     

Recent Excavations in the Keep of Farnham Castle,Surrey

Abstract

Several alternative schemes for the dating if Pictish relief sculpture have been advanced during the last century. Representations if artifacts which can be dated archaeologically, decorative devices associated with the Viking Period and details if animal ornament are used to provide new date-ranges for some stones usually dated earlier. The early dating often advanced for some low-relief sculptures is accordingly questioned, and a tentative scheme for the dating if Pictish relief sculpture proposed.     

Golden Biographies: The Production,Curation, Fragmentation and Deposition of the Armorican-Type Rolled-Gold Bead-Like Ornaments found at Pendleton,Lancashire

A rare Chalcolithic rolled-gold bead-like ornament dated to c. 2400–2200 cal. BC was found in association with sherds of early Beaker ware in an Early Bronze Age Collared Urn burial dated to c. 1545–1450 cal. BC. The grave was located at Pendleton, Lancashire. This paper reports on the AMS radiocarbon dates for the burial context along with X-ray composition analysis of the gold ornament, which shows the object had a high platinum content consistent with alluvial, placer, deposits possibly originating in Brittany, France rather than the British Isles. This unparalleled rolled-gold ornament is compared to the corpus of British and French rolled-gold ornaments and contemporary goldwork and a provenance, manufacture and biography of the find is explored. Both curation and fragmentation are considered in the context of a dated Beaker ware assemblage from the local domestic site of Lower Brockholes, Preston, as well as existing corpora of Beaker and Collared Urn ware from the region.     

Deerhurst Church,Gloucestershire

Abstract

The zoomorphic ornament of a group of sculptured crosses from Ryedale is here analysed in detail in terms of motif and style. Its Yorkshire context is defined and close parallels from Skaill, Orkney and Kirk Braddan on the Isle of Man are discussed. Origins for various style and motif elements are sought in insular and Scandinavian art. It is concluded that a group of sculptures in Ryedale, exemplified by the Sinning ton crosses, were produced in the second quarter of the tenth century during a period when Yorkshire was under strong Scandinavian influence and had close contacts with the Irish Sea Province. The ornament of the Sinnington crosses closely reflects Anglo-Scandinavian motifs and styles current in York and around the Irish Sea in this period. These Anglo-Scandinavian artistic developments reveal a complex assimilation of preceding English and Scandinavian artistic traditions and may have been a source for reciprocal influences on the arts in mainland Scandinavia. Following the abolition of Scandinavian kingship in York in 954, metropolitan art styles further developed, with prominently insular, particularly Mercian, rather than Scandianavian influences, while the sculpture of Ryedale became introverted and provincial with little evidence of further external influence.     

从出土实物和模拟实验看商周青铜器纹饰技术的发展脉络

通过对出土实物的观察和做模拟实验的发现,笔者认为,商周青铜器的纹饰技术伴随其范铸分型技术的进步而不断发展,同时它也引起铭文技术随之变化。商周青铜器纹饰技术具体的发展脉络为:夏代青铜器制模、制范技术不规范,纹饰技术处于摸索阶段。商早期青铜器范铸分型技术已具成熟的工艺设计思想,在素范面压塑纹饰的"纹饰压塑技术"出现;商中期青铜器纹饰技术有了划时代的进步,出现了"纹饰堆塑技术",且与"纹饰压塑技术"兼容并用;商晚期青铜器纹饰技术达到顶峰。西周青铜器范铸分型技术无明显进步,纹饰制作技术显示退化趋势;春秋中期以后,青铜器范铸工艺分型增多,纹饰技术发生改革,发明了单元纹饰范拚兑技术。     

红山文化萤石质鱼形饰的鉴别和探讨

鱼形饰是中国古代玉器的一个重要门类,但史前鱼形饰出土很少。内蒙古巴林右旗那(日)斯台遗址发现了一件红山文化鱼形饰,然而其材质的观点多样且缺乏科学数据的佐证。借助拉曼光谱和X-荧光光谱等便携式仪器对该件鱼形饰进行了无损测试分析,结果显示该件器物系萤石材质。由于这是北方地区唯一一件经科学检测的史前萤石质玉器,进一步结合南方地区出土的史前萤石质玉器,对材质、造型、加工工艺等相关问题进行了探讨。     

一件刻纹玉饰的辨识

1987年在安徽省含山县凌家滩墓地第四号墓中曾出土一件刻纹玉饰,现收藏于故宫博物院。以往关于这件刻纹玉饰的放置方式及刻纹内容,很少提及。本文率先探讨了这件刻纹玉饰的用途,认定其为梳背饰;在明确了其摆放方式的基础之上经仔细审视,提出这件刻纹玉饰上所琢刻的应是一条单首双身的龙形图案。     

匈奴饰牌类型辨析

饰牌是匈奴物质文化遗存的典型代表之一,主要作带扣、腰带饰、马具饰、首饰配件和"古玩"等五种用途.以装饰母题作为分类依据将匈奴饰牌划分为动物纹、人物活动纹、几何纹三型.战国到西汉时期是匈奴饰牌发展最鼎盛的时期.饰牌同时并存多种形制,并因题材选取的不同形成各自的系列.饰牌由原来的单一品种向系列化发展,创作母题从自然领域转向社会生活领域.     

RETHINKING THE SMALL PIG HORIZON AT YORK MINSTER

Summary.   The small pig horizon within the headquarters building of the legionary fortress of Eboracum (York) is a unique assemblage of early post-Roman animal bones. Originally interpreted as evidence of an impoverished Dark Age community scratching out a living within the ruined fortress, reinterpretation of this deposit suggests that it may be evidence of the economic power of a post-Roman elite conspicuously consuming suckling pig, perhaps in an echo of high-status Roman dietary preferences.     

The Early History of Abingdon,Berkshire, and its Abbey

IN THE LAST decade knowledge of Salin's Style I Ornament in East Scandinavia has increased through the studies of Erä-Esko and through the remarkable finds at a workshop site at Helgö in Uppland. A characteristic feature of East Scandinavian Style I is the frequent use of small ornamental fields bordered by high ridges. In this article it is suggested that the ridges served to canalize the heat of the melted bronze during casting, and so prevent the mould from cracking. This was specially important in East Scandinavia where high-tempered bronze seems chiefly to have been used. That the fragility of the moulds was a real problem is hinted at by the relative numbers found at Helgö. The majority are for casting relief-brooches—which are comparatively rarely found cast. There are fewer moulds for the more frequently found cast bronzes, such as clasp-buttons; because the moulds for these were smaller, they were probably less prone, to damage during casting.

Because of the small size of their ornamental fields and the extensive corrosion which characterizes the bronzes found in East Scandinavia the ornament has often been misunderstood and described as highly degenerate. Through the systematic work of Erä-Esko we now know that East Scandinavian Style I was highly developed and deliberate. The rich finds from Helgö when fully interpreted will probably emphasize further the international character of this style. This appears of greater importance when it is realized that the style seems to have flourished at a time immediately preceding the Vendel period, which is specially rich in East Scandinavia.     

咸阳国际机场出土唐代组玉佩室内清理、分析和复原

2009年7月,陕西省考古研究院在配合西安咸阳国际机场二期扩建工程M98号唐代墓葬的考古发掘中,出土了唐代玉佩饰一组。因条件所限,现场清理困难,为此在现场采用了石膏包封护提取法,将其转运回实验室进行微型发掘。根据组玉佩的保存状况,结合以往微型发掘的相关经验,对其进行逐层清理。通过和考古学者讨论,查阅有关唐代组玉佩方面的资料,圆满完成了组玉佩的复原工作。同时对组玉佩各个组件材质进行显微镜观察、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)科学分析,确定组玉佩金属挂钩为鎏金青铜质地;玉佩为透闪石质软玉;料珠为铅玻璃。但由于风化严重,淡绿色的玻璃表面被碳酸铅完全覆盖,目前整体呈白色;两端的坠为方解石。     

Macropalaeontology of the Trochocyathus-Trematotrochus band (Paleocene/Eocene boundary), Dilwyn Formation,Otway Basin,Victoria

Two new brachythoracids are described from the Taemas Limestone. Arenipiscis westolli gen. et sp. nov. possesses a skull-roof with deeply embayed posterior and elongate anterolateral margins, a large fused rostropineal plate, and orbits anteriorly placed and deeply notching the skull. The visceral skull-roof surface is developed with strong relief. The trunk-shield is poorly known, but the median dorsal plate probably had a prominent carinal process. Errolosteus goodradigbeensis gen. et sp. nov. is known only by an incomplete skull-roof, and anterior lateral and posterior ventrolateral plates. It has a highly distinctive ridged ornament. The affinities of these forms are considered in a discussion of brachythoracid interrelationships, and it is concluded that they are interchangeable on a cladogram with Buchanosteus. Other brachythoracids from the fauna, recently described by White, are considered, and it is suggested that Goodradigbeeon is phyletically primitive and Taemasosteus phyletically advanced relative to Buchanosteus. Schemes of brachythoracid interrelationships recently proposed by Denison and by Miles &; Dennis are compared, and a new scheme is proposed.     

NEW EVIDENCE FOR IRON AGE SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICE AND BONE MODIFICATION FROM GUSSAGE ALL SAINTS AND MAIDEN CASTLE (DORSET, ENGLAND)

Summary.   The Middle and Late Iron Age samples of disarticulated human remains from the settlement site of Gussage All Saints and the hillfort of Maiden Castle (Dorset, England) were investigated for evidence of funerary rites. The samples were examined using osteological, forensic and archaeological methodologies for evidence of excarnation and secondary burial. The study found evidence for dry-fractures, animal gnawing and peri-mortem trauma, indicating that many individuals had received blunt-force cranial fractures and/or weapon injuries at the time of death. The taphonomic indicators showed that bodies were excarnated, received secondary burial treatment and then selected skull and long bones were incorporated into structured deposits. Osteological analysis also showed that the majority of individuals were adult males, which corresponded to patterns of trauma in the inhumated sample from Dorset. Two bones also provided unique evidence within Dorset for the cultural modification of human remains.     

汉代戟形饰考

戟形饰是西汉时出现的一类小众珠饰品。本文基于考古资料和古籍文献,结合图像学分析,认识其造型来源与文化象征意涵。戟形饰为中外艺术文化相融合的产物,其形制来源于西汉手戟式鸡鸣戟,而其代表的艺术形式可溯源到古印度佛教文化。戟形饰具有辟兵辟邪的护符含义,并与汉代五行色彩体系相结合,体现了本土民族性的文化理念。     

AN INVESTIGATION INTO DIET AT THE SITE OF YARNTON, OXFORDSHIRE, USING STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPES

This paper reports the results of stable isotopic analyses conducted upon animal and human bones recovered from Yarnton, Oxfordshire. Spanning the Neolithic to Saxon periods, it is in many ways a typical site, but is unusual in that a small Middle Iron Age cemetery was discovered.
All of the data presented here lie within the expected isotopic ranges for the European Holocene, although both faunal and animal δ¹⁵N values are higher than is commonly found. The faunal data show the expected pattern for the animals studied (horse, cattle, sheep/goat, pig and dog), with pigs being more omnivorous than ruminants, and dogs eating an isotopically similar diet to humans. The animals' diets had higher δ¹⁵N values during the Roman period as compared to the Iron Age, although it is unclear if this reflects an environmental change or alteration in animal management practices. Despite the site's riverine location, there is no isotopic evidence for fish consumption. No distinctions were found based on gender or burial position within the Iron Age cemetery. Age-based distinctions were found in δ¹³C values, although these cannot be fully explained. As expected, infants have a higher nitrogen isotopic value than other individuals, reflecting the consumption of their mother's milk.     

Tracing a rune‐carver by groove profile and cut‐marks

Different features of the incised grooves of the runes and ornament on some milestones are registered in minute detail. The measurements are computerized for statistical analysis, thus making the identification of different cutters possible. The study provides evidence that the runes and the ornament on some stones were actually executed by different hands.     

Experimental studies of personal ornaments from the Iron Gates Mesolithic

Personal ornaments, especially those made from the shells of marine mollusks and animal teeth, have been recovered from many Mesolithic sites across Europe. This paper reviews the evidence of personal ornaments from the Mesolithic of the Iron Gates, where such finds were identified in five sites on the Romanian bank: the cave and rock shelter sites of Climente II and Cuina Turcului, and three open-air sites—Icoana, Ostrovul Banului, and Schela Cladovei. The ornaments from these sites were made from the shells of several gastropod taxa and at least one species of dentaliid scaphopod, as well as the pharyngeal teeth of cyprinids, the teeth of several species of terrestrial mammal, fish vertebrae, and pieces of antler and bone. Particular attention is given to taxonomic identification and questions of taphonomy, provenance, selection, manufacture, and use. Experiments were conducted in which several types of ornament were replicated. Archeological and experimental pieces (at various stages of production) were examined under a microscope, to establish the durability of the beads and estimate the length of time over which they were worn. Our results show that shells of Lithoglyphus and Theodoxus sp. were simply perforated and fixed in composed adornments, as were shells of Tritia neritea in the early part of the time range. In the later Mesolithic, T. neritea shells were processed in a different way and fixed to clothing in the manner of appliqués. No technological modification of the cyprinid teeth was observed; these were sewn individually onto clothing by means of a thread coated with an adhesive substance. The other categories of personal ornament were used mainly as pendants. Experimental use-wear analysis suggests that many ornaments were used over long periods, with broken or missing pieces replaced when necessary.     

Redescription of Parexus recurvus,an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland

Parexus Agassiz was one of the first Early Devonian ‘spiny sharks’ to be described. The genus is readily recognized by the large size and ornament of its anterior dorsal fin spine. Although two species were erected, reappraisal of all known specimens indicate they should be synonymized in the type species Parexus recurvus. Farnellia tuberculata Traquair, originally described as a vertebral column, is actually tooth rows of jaw dentition, and is also now considered to be a junior synonym of P. recurvus. Parexus has a perichondrally ossified scapulocoracoid of typical acanthodian shape, and diagnostic features of the family Climatiidae, but has distinctive scales comprising appositional growth zones that closely resemble those of the putative stem chondrichthyan Seretolepis elegans Karatajute-Talimaa.     

BURNT KIMMERIDGIAN SHALE AT EARLY ROMAN SILCHESTER, SOUTH-EAST ENGLAND, AND THE ROMAN POOLE–PURBECK COMPLEX-AGGLOMERATED GEOMATERIALS INDUSTRY

Summary.   A wide range of geomaterials were worked at industrial settlements scattered over an area of c.225 km² in the Poole Harbour–Isle of Purbeck district of modern Dorset. These materials, more than one handled at some sites, included shale ('coal'), burnt shales (yellow, red) and cementstones from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic), Purbeck marble from the Purbeck Group (earliest Cretaceous), hard chalk from the Chalk Group (Upper Cretaceous), and potting clays and sands from the Bracklesham Group (Palaeogene), for South-east Dorset Black-burnished Pottery Category 1. There was also a salt industry, which could have used pottery for packaging. The industrial products are conterminously distributed in southern and central Britain and, in the case of pottery and shale items, reached as far as the northern frontiers. Raw material of red burnt shale was exported to Silchester ( Calleva Atrebatum ), where it was made into mosaic tesserae. Of proven Kimmeridgian age on the evidence of fossils, the mudstone used to make it had been collected and quarried on the coast of the Isle of Purbeck before being burnt. The decline in the demand for stone products, excepting shale, in the second century AD saw an expansion of the potting industry, which persisted into the fifth century. The term complex-agglomerative is introduced to describe this diverse and dispersed enterprise at this highest hierarchical level, examples of which occur elsewhere in the Roman world.     

THE DATE AND SEQUENCE OF USE OF NEOLITHIC FUNERARY MONUMENTS: NEW AMS DATING EVIDENCE FROM THE COTSWOLD-SEVERN REGION

Summary.   In this paper we discuss 26 new Neolithic AMS dates obtained from human and animal bone from four previously undated funerary monuments in the Cotswold-Severn region. By strategically targeting particular portions of these skeletal assemblages, a number of valuable inferences are made concerning the extent of variation in apparently co-existing burial practices both within and between monuments. Of particular interest is the observation that variations in the extent to which interments have become disarticulated cannot necessarily be equated with chronological relationships regarding their deposition. This project has also obtained dates from cremated bone, which establish that the range of funerary treatments in practice during the earlier Neolithic also included cremation. Additionally it is observed that whilst some, apparently primary, deposits may in fact be later insertions, other material in apparently secondary contexts may actually return earlier Neolithic dates.