关于非洲的法系问题

对于是否存在独立的非洲法系问题,西方学者有两种对立的观点。但他们所主张的非洲法系实际上是指非洲习惯法系。这不符合非洲法现实。实际上,非洲存在多种法系,其主要法系有:非洲习惯法系、非洲普通法系、非洲大陆法系、非洲伊斯兰法系和非洲混合法系等。     

600少儿画宝船

郑和是我国明代伟大的航海家,从永乐三年(1405)至宣德八年(1433)的28年间,郑和肩负着明王朝授予的重大使命,率领庞大船队七下西洋,远达非洲东海岸,访问了亚洲、非洲30多个国家和地区,对发展我国与亚非国家的友好关系及经济化交流,做出了杰出的贡献。     

阿拉伯文化形成的原因

公元七、八世纪,阿拉伯帝国成为地跨亚洲、非洲、欧洲的大帝国。在帝国存在的六个多世纪内,产生了瑰丽的阿拉伯文化。阿拉伯文化是指阿拉伯帝国统治时代,在帝国范围内各族人民共同创造而用阿拉伯文字来表达的文化。阿拉伯文化的成就,主要表现在阿拉伯语言、文学、数学(几何、三角、代数学)、医学(人体解剖与医学)、天文学、化学(尤其是炼丹术)、哲学及伊斯兰神学和宗教建筑艺术诸方面。它们都具有明显的阿拉伯性格和宗教的烙印。阿拉伯文化形成,主要原因有三:首先是伊斯兰教的作用。伊斯兰教是塞姆族人所创造的三大一神教中,最具有个性,最有东方特色的宗教。伊斯兰教用自己的宗教信条、清规戒律。严厉的考验,把游牧的阿拉伯人结成整体,即使远徙他乡,也不     

《非洲史杂志》(The Journal of African History)简介

《非洲史杂志》(The Journal of African History)创刊于1960年,由伦敦大学亚非学院非洲史领域的著名学者约翰·唐纳利·费戈(John Donnelly Fage)和罗兰·奥利弗(Roland     

一部非洲历史巨著在诞生中

由联合国教科文组织负责,以非洲学者为主编写的八卷本(<非洲通史》(General History of Africa)经过十几年的筹备、编写,头二卷定于一九七九年年底问世。 一、编写过程 一九六四年联合国教科文组织决定组织出版《非洲通史》,以促进世界各国人民之间的相互了解。     

走近非洲 感受非洲——来自非洲木雕的艺术的感动

非洲,在人的印象中似乎就是黑色的.黑色,首当其冲的当然是指非洲人的肤色.然而对于那些对非洲一知半解的人来说,这黑色似乎更多的表示了黑暗之色——炎热荒芜的非洲大陆,时时充斥着洪涝、干旱、地震、火山和饥饿、贫穷、瘟疫、战乱,夹杂着蒙昧、野蛮、落后、悲惨、邪恶和虚无一切等消极的认识成见似乎都与这块特殊的大陆有着不解之缘,以致人们说起非洲,往往更多的是恐惧,而     

中国非洲史研究会第十届年会综述

正2014年4月19日至20日,中国非洲史研究会年会暨"非洲与外部世界关系的历史变化研讨会"在位于金华的浙江师范大学(以下简称浙师大)召开。会议由中国非洲史研究会主办,浙江师范大学非洲研究院承办。此次会议由来自近四十家部委、科研高校单位、出版媒体机构和工商界企业的一百二十多位代表与会。一、中非关系2014年适逢周恩来总理访非五十周年,关注中国与非洲在经济、文化领域和非政府层面     

周恩来访问非洲十国

50多年前,周恩来总理首访非洲十国,把新中国的崇高形象带进了非洲。这是新中国第一代领导人对非洲最重大的一次外交活动,访问国家之多、时间之长、活动内容之丰富多彩,访问取得的丰硕成果和产生的深远影响,不仅是中非关系史上的一座丰碑,也为国际交往中所罕见,堪称当代外交史上政府首脑出访的一个光辉典范。1963年12月13日至1964年2月4日,周恩来总理在陈毅副总理的陪同下,应邀访问了埃及(当时称阿拉伯联合共和国)、阿尔及     

中国人最想去的3个非洲国家:埃及 南非 肯尼亚 走,去非洲!

<正>爱上非洲游的理由非洲与亚洲几乎没有相像的地方,也正因为此,对于中国人来说,非洲大地才充满了诱惑。非洲热带草原是世界上面积最大、发育最好、特征最为典型的热带草原,主要分布在非洲热带雨林的北、东、南三面,北     

走进非洲 感受非洲——来自非洲木雕的艺术的感动

非洲,在人的印象中似乎就是黑色的。黑色,首当其冲的当然是指非洲人的肤色。然而对于那些对非洲一知半解的人来说,这黑色似乎更多的表示了黑暗之色——炎热荒芜的非洲大陆,时时充斥着洪涝、干旱、地震、火山和饥饿、贫穷、瘟疫、战乱,夹杂着蒙昧、野蛮、落后、悲惨、邪恶和虚无一切等消极的认识成见似乎都与这块特殊的大陆有着不解之缘,以致人们说起非洲,往往更多的是恐惧,而少有向往。     

On the Horn-shaped Head-Dresses of the 13th, 14th,and 15th Centuries

Abstract

The excavation of the only Cistercian abbey firmly established on the Isle of Man produced clear evidence of its church plan, its various modifications and its modest architectural pretensions. The burials contained some grave goods and displayed early methods of burial. An unexpected feature was a chapel attached to the east end of the north transept north chapel.     

Aspects of the sugar-refining industry from the 16th to the 19th century

This paper considers some aspects of the sugar-refining industry in Britain from the 16th to the 19th century. The pottery types involved are defined, and illustrated by examples from different parts of the country. The method of manufacturing sugar loaves is discussed, and the technology is placed in a wider context, drawing upon archaeological and historical evidence from the Old and New Worlds.     

Painting and preserving the ship in the 17th and 18th centuries

Analysis of paint residues and paint equipment from North European shipwrecks together with archival research provides evidence of pigments and colours used. The limitations of pictorial sources and contemporary models is contrasted.     

The Western European witch-hunt in the 16th and 17th centuries

The European witch-trials became numerous in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A large number of witches were imprisoned and many of them were executed at the stake. The ubiquitous social strain brought on the witch-hunt, and the witch became the scapegoat. Study on the witch-hunt provides a special perspective on the transition of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.     

Speakers at War in the Late 14th and 15th Centuries

The significance of war in the development of the medieval English parliament is well known. The origins of the speakership are located in the context of the Hundred Years War, which began in 1337 and in which the English were still embroiled at the time of the Good Parliament of 1376. It was at this parliament that the Commons first chose a spokesperson, Sir Peter de la Mare, knight of the shire for Herefordshire. This article considers the military careers of de la Mare and his successors to the end of the Hundred Years War in 1453. Did the war have an impact on the choice of Speaker? Was a military man chosen for parliaments where military matters were to be discussed? We know the identity of the Speaker in 53 of the 64 parliaments between 1376 and 1453. Several served more than once, so that we are left with a group of 33 individuals to analyse. An overall trend is discernable. Up to 1407 all known Speakers were belted knights, and most had extensive military experience before they took up office. Only five of the 19 parliaments between 1422 and 1453 had Speakers of knightly rank: otherwise, Speakers with legal and administrative, rather than military, experience were chosen. In the years from 1407 to 1422 the speakership was occupied by a mixture of soldiers and administrators many of whom were closely connected to the royal duchy of Lancaster and to revival of English aggression towards France from 1415 onwards.     

中共十六大与八大的比较研究

八大是中国共产党成为执政党后召开的第一次全国代表大会,这次代表大会分析了生产资料所有制的社会主义改造基本完成后的形势,提出了全面开展社会主义建设的任务,在指导思想、政治路线和组织路线上都有重要建树,对探索中国特色社会主义的道路产生了深远的影响。十六大是中国共产党执政52年后在新世纪召开的第一次全国代表大会,也是中国共产党在开始实施社会主义现代化建设第三步战略部署的新形势下召开的一次具有深远影响的重要大会。对八大和十六大进行比较研究,可以发现其一脉相承的内在联系,可以加深对十六大确立的指导思想、奋斗目标、组织路线的认识。     

16-17世纪西欧社会的"猎巫"

The European witch-trials became numerous in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A large number of witches were imprisoned and many of them were executed at the stake. The ubiquitous social strain brought on the witch-hunt, and the witch became the scapegoat. Study on the witch-hunt provides a special perspective on the transition of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. __________ Translated from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2007, (8): 64–71     

Semantics of learned quackery in the 17th and 18th centuries

In the 17th and 18th century republic of letters the problem of scientific fraud was met with a discourse of charlatanism. Departing from Johann Burchhard Menckes famous treatise on the Charlatanry of the learned the following essay traces how the accusations of academic and scientific misconduct put in terms of 'charlatanry' primarily helped to produce the new species of the erudite 'charlatan'. Facing a growing complexity of scientific culture this new frame of meaning, structured by numerous examples of scientific misconduct offered a new way of orientation in the world of learning. But besides its cognitive impacts the discourse of charlatanry allowed to create symbolic boundaries, which determined decisions upon the affiliation or non affiliation to the new forming scientific community by separating honourable from dishonourable scientific personae. Speaking of charlatanry therefore always implied a social distinction as much as a scientific. The discourses on charlatanry also mirror differentiations within the scientific field. At first dominated by a critique built on courteous or bourgeois values, the scientific field later on developed its own criteria of appraisal like authorship, originality, transparency etc. Attracting the attention of a further growing public sphere, the explicit verbalisation of claims not relating to the value system of a republic of letters primarily concerned with the production and distribution of knowledge finally led up to a more implicit moral economy of science. A change that at a large scale level can be described both as an internalisation of the values of scientific conduct and differentiation between justiciable and unjusticiable transgressions of the norms set up by the scientific community.     

Military Orders Between Territorialization and Periphery from the 12th to the 16th Century

Military orders have historically played a key role in defining borders, both in a mental sense, by favouring an awareness of alterity in the most peripheral territories (Christians against Muslims and Christians against Pagans), and also in more direct ways, as owners of land in these territories. This article¹ discusses both the influence, in the broadest sense, of territory and periphery upon the medieval military orders, and the relationship between the crown and the military orders. It will be done through a comparative historical analysis of two cases: Portugal and Denmark in the 12th–16th centuries. Both countries were placed at the periphery of the Western world in the Middle Ages, and they were both active agents in the Crusading movement.     

Elite Burials on the Iberian Peninsula in the 4th to 7th Centuries ad

EARLY CHRISTIANITY in Portugal and Spain resulted in changes to the urban setting of graves and cemeteries. The arrival of a seasonal liturgy that embraced sacred locations and honoured the memory of illustrious figures of the Christian faith was an agent in the transformation of late antique and early medieval townscapes. The material versatility evidenced in the reframing and design of new funerary zones reflects Christianisation, but also the status and agency of local elites. This paper argues that these processes were influential in changing the urban landscape in Iberia, introducing new monumentalised and sacred spaces, but that these changes were felt in rural areas too.