中原鸟影

良好的生态环境为生物多样性提供了物质保障,一年四季各种鸟类不断在此繁衍生息。这里数量最多好还是雁鸭类,每到迁徙季节,成千上万的大雁和野鸭都会汇集于此,每天清晨成群结队地到附近麦地里觅食,然后随着落霞返回水面。     

THE WUSUN IN NORTHEASTERN CENTRAL ASIA

Among the peoples mentioned in Chinese dynastic chronicles are the Xiongnu and other steppe nomads such as the Yuezhi and the Wusun. The Xiongnu forced both these peoples to abandon their camping grounds and move to Zhetysu. Numerous sites in Tuva of the Late Scythian period (those of the Uyuk–Sagly culture) reveal ties with the Xiongnu and suggest that they were associated with the Wusun. Artifacts from Suglug-Khem-1 and -2 and Khayirakan, Tuva, specifically mirrors with side handles, hairpins, wire earrings, small wooden four-legged tables, painted vessels, etc., are paralleled by finds from burials of the low-ranking Wusun in Zhetysu. Before arriving at Zhetysu, the Wusun crossed the Altai-Sayan highland and the Irtysh below Lake Zaisan, where their presence is attested by sites of the Kula-Zhurga type. The distinctive features of the latter are flexed burials in stone cists and vessels resembling those from Tuva in shape; other artifacts are extremely rare and similar to those from burials of the low-ranking Wusun in Zhetysu.     

NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN CENTRAL GERMANY

Summary. This paper investigates the changes in settlement patterns characteristic of early agricultural groups in the Middle Elbe/Saale region (DDR) from the fifth to the beginning of the second millennium bc. It uses the outstanding quantity of information available from this region on the distribution of prehistoric sites to describe the structure of settlement and to define the main contrasts over this period.     

MEDIEVAL LEAD GLASS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

In Trommsdorfstraße, Erfurt, a glass‐processing workshop has been excavated, which produced lead glass rings and beads in the 13th century. This workshop produced two different lead glasses. The first, a high‐lead glass, could be found throughout Europe, from England to Russia. However, another newly defined type of glass could be identified (Central European lead–ash glass). This can be demonstrated by analysing the literature, and it has been found in eastern Germany, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. A Slavic lead–ash glass with the same ash content as the Central European lead–ash glass but lower amounts of lead was produced in Eastern Europe. In western Germany, another type of ash (beech ash) was used to produce a wood‐ash lead glass. Lead‐isotope analysis proved that the same source of lead was used for the wood‐ash lead glass and the high‐lead glass in western Germany and the two types of glass from Erfurt.     

ADENA MORTUARY PATTERNS IN CENTRAL OHIO

Abstract

This study examines how the Adena mortuary program was practiced in the upper Scioto Valley in central Ohio. In the Alum Lake area of the valley, Adena mortuary rituals consisted of a relatively homogeneous and stable program of secondary cremation burials. By contrast, mortuary rituals in the Columbus area were highly variable in their treatment and placement of the bodies and artifacts. To interpret this pattern, I suggest that groups may have more heterogeneous ritual patterns when their ritual leaders have frequent contact with other people and ideas. Conversely, smaller and more isolated groups may more closely approach an ideal of ritual stability since the interpretations of their ritual leaders will not be challenged and influenced by outside groups. Finally, I consider some of the broad implications of the study for Adena sites throughout the Ohio Valley.     

SHELL-TEMPERED POTTERY ON THE CENTRAL PLAINS

Abstract

The Central Plains have not been included in recent coverage of issues related to the use of shell-tempered pottery in eastern North America. It has been known for over a century that this material does appear on the Central Plains. Its spatial and temporal distribution, however, are not well understood, and issues related to its presence and technology have only recently begun to receive needed attention. This paper reviews the status of what we know about the spatial and temporal distribution of shell-tempered pottery on the Central Plains by compiling data from many sources and visually portraying their patterning. Some factors affecting the distribution then are discussed, with particular attention given to firing and raw material properties. Vessel form and function, and decoration and its implications, also are briefly discussed.     

"塌陷"背景下中部旅游发展的地理学透视

从地理学角度分析"中部塌陷"背景下中部旅游发展的现象、结构、过程和机理对确立旅游业在"中部崛起"过程中的产业地位和发展方向具有重要意义.按照东部、中部、西部和东北的区划方法对大陆31个省份进行了分组,从"塌陷"概念出发,构造了表征"中部旅游塌陷"的理论假设模型.选定指标对四个区域内省份的旅游经济总量、旅游经济发展速度和旅游经济发展水平进行对比,结果表明:中部省份不存在"旅游塌陷"的现象和结构;四个区域资源竞争力、市场水平、空间区位、交通通达性和软环境水平等地理学因子区域优势度的比较结果表明:中部地区省份不存在"旅游塌陷"的物质条件.进而从"人-地关系"相互作用的角度出发,得到"由于游客旅游行为或目的地选择受政策影响较弱的开放性特征,使得在全国尺度上不存在‘中部旅游塌陷'现象的结论".最后探讨了"中部崛起"过程中旅游业的产业地位和承担的职能.     

FERTILITY CHANGES IN CENTRAL ASIA SINCE 1980

Limited studies document the fertility changes in Central Asia. Using survey and official data, this study describes the fertility changes since 1980 in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan. I first consider the swift decline in fertility in the 1980s and 1990s through the analysis of Synthetic Parity Progression Ratios (SPPRs). SPPRs show that women still have at least one child despite economic difficulties and that the end of communism affected more the transition to higher-order births. These results are however influenced by economic and demographic factors specific to each country. I investigate then the fertility upturn that is observed since the early 2000s—an issue neglected so far by demographers. Results from the analysis of official and household data show that in each country, the recent fertility increase resulted from the increase of distinct birth orders and was concentrated in specific ethnic groups.     

COPPER AGE DITCHED ENCLOSURES IN CENTRAL IBERIA

Summary. The interpretation of European Neolithic enclosures must take account of their wide variability in chronology, size, shape, topographical position and material. Such interpretations should rely on the comparative analysis of the processes at work in particular regions. Newly recovered data from small early third millennium cal BC ditched enclosures in central Iberia, with high densities of features and domestic refuse, support the hypothesis of permanent habitation. This paper argues that the variability in late Neolithic–Chalcolithic enclosures throughout Iberia is a result of the cycling of fission and fusion characteristic of segmentary social dynamics.